口语交际能力论文大全11篇
时间：2023-03-22 17:36:33绪论：写作既是个人情感的抒发，也是对学术真理的探索，欢迎阅读由发表云整理的11篇口语交际能力论文范文，希望它们能为您的写作提供参考和启发。
篇（1）
口语训练既要体现纵向的梯度发展，又要体现横向的相互融合，教师在训练过程中一方面要依据教材，抓住重点，进行有针对性的训练，另一方面要加强各个技能点、知识点、情意点的相互融合。
二、综合性
口语交际能力是语文基本技能的一个重要方面，它和语文其他能力是相互渗透、协调发展的。因此口语训练不能孤立进行，要加强内容与方式的综合化。
1．加强听说读写的联系。听的能力越强，不仅能够摄取更广泛、更丰富的说话材料，而且能加深在口语交际中传达意思的理解，使口语表达更准确，更丰富。读既能够积累语言，又可以利用获得的语法等知识使语言表达更规范，另外有些阅读材料本身就提供了生动的说话范例。而写的严密性与条理性，能够矫正说话过程中常出现的语病，提高说话质量。听说读写的能力是紧密联系、相互制约而又相互促进的。
2．加强口语训练与观察、思维、想象训练的联系。
观察是学生认识客观事物、获取感性材料的又一重要途径，学生只有细致地观察，才能了解事物的具体特点和事情的诸多联系，才能把内容说完整，说具体，说准确。而口语训练与思维训练的关系更是密不可分，口语与思维的发展是同步的，说话的条理性，层次性，逻辑性，都反映在思维活动上，思维敏捷则语畅，思维钝缓则语塞。同样，丰富的想象不仅使学生有话可说，更能把内容说得生动有趣。
3．在语文教学的各个环节中培养口语表达能力。
教师的整个教学过程，就是师生交流的过程，也是训练学生口语的过程。我们要在备课、上课、作业批改等各个环节中寻找口语训练因素，促使学生口语表达能力的提高。
三、互动性
口语交际除了要具备基本的口头表达能力，还应具备在交往过程中所表现出来的待人处事能力和临场应变能力，而这一切只有通过双向互动的方式才能实现。缺少双向互动性，就无所谓交际。新大纲明确指出：“口语交际能力的培养要在双向互动的语言实践中进行。”这更加突出了口语的交际功能。在具体的训练过程中，教师还要注意以下几点：
1．师范作用不可少。教师在语文教学过程中一定要注意语言的规范，坚持说普通话，要懂得你与学生交流的过程同时也是学生向你模仿学习的过程。
2．角色地位要转换。教师与学生交流时，要置学生于平等的地位，避免居高临下的发问式甚至责问式，消除学生在交流中的畏惧紧张心理，让学生愿意同你倾心交谈。
3．评价要引而不露。在口语交流过程中，教师对于学生表达不足的地方，更多地要在交流过程中巧妙地加以引导和矫正，这样既可以使交流得以继续，又可以使学生的口语能力在不知不觉中得到提高。
4．训练要面向全体。口语训练的互动性不仅是师生之间的互动，同时又是学生与学生之间的互动，教师可以通过分小组等各种形式进行训练，让每个学生都得到锻炼的机会。
5．内容要利于互动。教师在选择说话材料时，就要充分考虑到材料内容能否实现互动的目的。
四、情境性
生动、逼真的情境创设极富感染性，能够调动学生内在真实的情感体验．激发他们表达的强烈欲望。新大纲在口语训练上提出了这样的要求：“要在课内外创设多种多样的交际情境，让每个学生无拘无束地进行口语交流。”教师可以根据说话内容、形式的要求，采取下面的几种方式：
1．语言调动。教师用富有感染性的语言为学生创设情感画面，使他们积极主动地融入角色，并在交流过程中用自己的语言帮助学生找到情感共鸣点，使他们在言之有物、言之有序的基础上做到言之有情。
2．环境渲染。根据口语训练内容，为学生营造接近生活实际的交际环境。这种环境的创设一方面有利于学生捕捉说话的内容，另一方面有利于学生的临场发挥，使他们表达更准确，更逼真，更生动。
3．表演激趣。小学生的表现欲望一般都比较强，精彩的表演能激发学生参与交际的热情，使学生口语表达更能符合角色特点。另外，表演还需要多种感官参加活动，有利于学生提高表达的效果。
4．课外延伸。课内的情境教学由于受客观条件的影响，有很大的局限性，而课外却为学生提供了广阔的训练空间和多样的训练形式。教师在训练途径上要实现课内向课外的延伸。
篇（2）
一、前言
语言具有社会交际功能,是一种交际工具,而文字是记录说话的手段。我们进行语言教学的根本目的是要在打好扎实的语言基础知识,进行认真严格的听、说、读、写训练的基础上,培养听、说、读、写的交际能力。然而我们传统的教学注重语法规则却不注重语言表达和交际,仍旧学习哑巴英语,这样培养出来的学生语法好,可是在实际的语言交流中却表达不出来,真正和外国人交流时说完天气就不知道还能说些什么。感觉自己有好多内容要说却很难用英语表达出来。口语能力的培养必须按自身的规律进行,具体地讲,口语能力的培养应该有一个可行的明确目标,即要符合口语交际的特点,遵循口语学习过程的规律,更要结合我国当前的口语教学实际进行改革,力争尽快地全面提高中国学生的口语交际能力。
二、加强大学英语口语交际能力的方法
1.加强英语思维能力训练
大学口语教学应致力于培养学生的口头交际能力,教师应该帮助学生养成良好的口头交际的习惯,做到语言清晰、流畅、达意。加强英语思维能力训练是培养学生用英语表达思想的能力的重要手段和途径。用英语思维是指排除本族语或本族语的干扰,用英语直接理解、判断和表达的能力。没有经过英语思维能力训练的人,大都是把听的东西译成自己的母语后再储存在记忆里。在表达前,再把语义信息,即他想说的,在脑子里下意识地寻求母语的表达式,然后再把它译成英语。这种做法不可避免地会导致母语的干扰。这样借助于母语表达出来的东西是不可能地道的,比如,中国人与朋友道别时,经常说“走好”、“慢走”、“慢点儿骑(自行车)”之类的客套语。一些喜欢用母语思维的英语学习者不了解英美人士常常微笑并作表示再见的手势,他们会习惯地说成:Goslowly,walkslowly或Rideslowly。这些说法听起来很不自然,运用这种方式与人交际经常会导致交际出现障碍甚至失败。在英语口语教学中应该让学生听地道的英语,培养他们边听、边用英语把听到而且理解了的东西储存在记忆里的习惯,以及培养他们克服母语干扰,直接用英语表达的良好习惯。2.采用分级教学
英语口语教学应该遵循由易到难,循序渐进的原则。第一级为初级阶段。在此阶段,教师首先应该为学生创造一个有利于学习语言的环境,让学生尽可能多地接触与运用对象语。最好是采用与日常生活相关的小故事与对话的内容,使学生有亲临其境的感觉,同时又能熟悉外国人日常生活方式及应答方式。除此之外,在初级阶段的学习中,学生还应该学习和掌握一些英语最基本的句型和习语、惯用语,要能熟练到脱口而出的程度。第二级为中级阶段。此阶段的训练目标主要是培养学生连贯说话的能力。教学内容可包括爱情、友谊、个性特点、生活习惯、趣味爱好、体育运动等。教学方式可采取复述短文、概述大意、描述图画、回答问题、观点讨论、角色扮演,把故事编成对话,把对话编成故事等。第三级为高级阶段,高级阶段的教学内容可扩展到对各种问题及现象的讨论与辩论,比如青年人的思想情绪、种族歧视、电视中的暴力、人口问题、环境污染问题等,教学方式主要采用辩论、演讲、小组讨论、总结发言等。通过这3个阶段的学习,学生就能逐渐地做到运用英语清楚地自由地表达自己的思想感情、意志以及观点了,也就具备了比较强的英语口头交际能力。
3.充实社会文化知识
在英语口语教学中,应该适度地、有选择地、比较系统地将文化知识的传授融入教学中,使英语口语教学与文化教学相结合。具体地说,在口语教学的初、中级阶段,着重交际文化的导入,内容包括介绍在日常生活交往方面英汉主流文化的差异,以及在语言形式和运用中的具体表现,打招呼和告别、各种称呼、祝贺和赞扬以及其他社交礼节等的差异介绍属于此类。介绍由于文化差异引起的英汉词语、成语、谚语和格言的意义及运用方面的差异,介绍英汉语言在比喻和联想运用上的差异以及英汉语言中典故、委婉语和禁忌语运用方面的差异等。学生通过这些差异的学习,就能理解各种英语表达法所涉及的文化内涵。在口语教学的高级阶段则着重导入知识文化,介绍中西方思维方式、价值观念、认知行为、交际关系以及言语表达方式等方面的差异。英美人比较注重定量分析,进行逻辑推理,而中国人比较注重直觉与先验理性。善于以经验为依据来分析、判断和解决问题。思维方式的差异使人们对同一事物产生不同看法,彼此交流时就容易产生误解。学生通过中西文化此类差异的学习,就增强了文化差异意识,了解了西方的人际关系及交往的深层次模式,从而学会得体地进行交际。
三、结语
总之,为了提高课堂交际法教学的质量,教师应该认真钻研教学规律,精心设计课堂交际活动的内容,用心研究,引导学生进行有效的参与,真正开展交际教学。
篇（3）
1以身作则，充分发挥教师的示范作用
口语交际活动是由说者和听者双方的活动构成的，在教学过程中老师的示范作用是非常重要的。我们在备课时不仅备教材，还考虑话怎么说，词怎么用，手势怎么用。教学过程中，我们同时兼顾听和说双方，只要不是我担任说话者，我就以听者的身份出现，与学生一起参与听话训练，用自己集中注意力听话，迅速地做好记录，及时做好良好的反应等良好的表现给学生做榜样。同时，我还认真观察说和听的双方活动，注意巡视学生听说情况，发现说话者语速偏快或偏慢，声音偏高或偏低，姿态、表情不自然，都要以恰当的方式及时指出，让学生作出调整。老师规范化的语言是学生学习的规范化语言的表率。老师的一举一动都成为学生模仿的对象。因此，当我担任说话者时，我很注意自身语言的准确性和规范化，语言简洁、生动，表达清楚明白，努力在口语规范化和口头表达的技巧上发挥示范作用。这样学生听多了，听惯了就会把我们老师的语言化为自己的语言，起到潜移默化的作用。
2创设情境，激发口语交际的兴趣
我们知道，兴趣是最好的老师。一个人无论干什么，只要有兴趣，便有了自觉性。进行口语交际训练也是如此。激发学生的兴趣，就等于激发学生的自觉性，这便成功了一半。创设情境，是激发学生口语交际兴趣的重要途径。创设情境的方法很多。
首先，老师生动的语言，便可以创设一个引人入胜的情境，使学生的大脑里充满神奇的想象，欲罢不能，丰富的想象使他们想说，争着要说。比如，《倔强的小》的教学中，让学生闭上眼睛，那凄凉艰难的声音伴随着老师生动的语言描绘，使行军过草地时勇敢面对困境不畏牺牲的情景再现在学生的脑海，学生犹如身临其境，丰富的想象使学生争着诉说，变“要我说”为“我要说”。阅读教学变得生动活泼，学生的口语交际能力得到了训练，又培养了学生创造性想象能力。
其次，现代化教学媒体的运用，为学生营造一个身临其境的场景，使学生有话想说。现代化教学媒体的运用，是创设情境的重要手段，它直观形象，帮助我们生动地再现了情境，达到其他教学手段无法达到的效果。如在教学《鲸》中，我把齿鲸和须鲸的动画图像利用电脑屏幕投影出来，齿鲸和须鲸怎样呼吸的样子就历历在目。学生兴趣盎然，争相介绍它们是怎样呼吸的，说得活灵活现，口语交际能力得到了培养。
另外，开展丰富多彩的活动，把表演、游戏、角色扮演等引进课堂，营造一个生动活泼的语言环境，提高口语交际的兴趣。例如，《滥竽充数》这寓言具体故事性和趣味性。我在教学之后，让学生把“南郭先生逃走后会怎么样”来续写这个故事，写好后再修改，再让学生上讲台说故事，看谁编得好，讲得好。学生通过亲身参与了讲故事，积极性特别高，说得也特别好。
3坚持上好口语交际课，教给学生口语交际的方法和技巧
根据新大纲，人教社对教材进行了修改。“口语交际”训练成了小学教材的重要组成部分且自成体系，很多基础训练都安排了口语交际训练，内容丰富，形式活泼，有些还有插图，每次训练还精心设计了问题或有提示，体现了每次口语交际训练的主题，明确提出了训练的内容和要求。在教学中我们充分发挥了教材的优势，坚持上好口语交际课。每次上课，我们都紧靠教材内容引导学生先观察插图或是看清要求，然后再讲述。同时我们还十分重视课前准备，如收集资料，观察动植物，或是自己先参加相关的活动。而在口语交际课上，则根据口语交际的不同内容，创设交际的情境。如：生活展现情景、图画再现情景、音乐渲染情境、表演体会情境。我们也尽量做到看说结合，听说结合，演说结合，并做到点面结合，人人互动，生与生说，师与生说，在训练过程中注意每个学生的语言、态度、情感等方面的表现，相机指导。训练中，重听重评，让学生明白：认真听别人说话，既是对别人的尊重，也是对自己听话、辨析能力的训练，还能给自己的说话有一定的启发。在听说的基础上，我们还根据信息反馈的情况及时评价。评价时可以教师评，也可以学生自评，学生互评，说后评，评后再说，努力使说话更趋完整、贴切，努力提高学生口语交际能力。
篇（4）
中图分类号：G633.3 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1002-7661（2012）15-0159-01
现代语文课是工具性和人文性的统一。而口语交际能力作为语文课中所应努力培养的能力之一，正如《全日制义务教育语文课程标准》所指出的那样："口语交际能力是现代公民的必备能力，应培养学生倾听、表达和应对的能力，使学生具有文明和谐地进行人际交流的素养。"良好的口语交际能力能使一个人在社交活动中更好地听取别人的讲话并发表自己的观点，更好地为人处事，是成为一名合格公民的必备素质之一。
一、端正对学生口语交际能力培养的认识
培养学生良好的口语交际能力，不仅是语文新课标的要求，更是培养现代社会合格公民的必然要求。而在我国，长期以来，由于应试教育以笔试为主要模式的影响，教师和学生只顾提高书面表达能力，而忽视口语表达能力的培养和训练。随着社会的不断发展和进步，人与人之间的交流越来越频繁，交流的方式也越来越多样化，这就使得现代社会对公民口语交际能力的要求越来越高。所以，广大教师必须充分认识到这一点，要本着对学生，对社会负责的态度，把口语交际能力的培养当成中学语文教学的重点之一，着力提高学生的口语交际能力。
二、提高初中语文教师的素质
作为领路人的教师，必须具备良好的口语交际教学素质。初中语文教师必须有充分的知识储备和足够的能力，才能有效地引导学生进行口语交际能力的训练。但是目前，我国中学很多语文教师缺乏带领学生进行口语交际训练的素质。很多老师普通话不标准，吐字不清晰，发音不标准；还有一些老师理论知识欠缺，实践经验缺乏；还有的老师口才不佳，逻辑思维能力不强……这些都极大制约了初中语文老师对学生口语能力的训练。为此，必须加强对教师的培养，提高他们的素质，教师的素质高了，才能有效地开展教学活动，学生口语交际训练才能更好地进行下去。
三、加强课堂训练，上好口语交际课
口语交际课是现在初中语文课程的重要组成部分，教材中有相关内容，在课程的安排上，也要充分重视这一方面。现行人教版教材将口语交际训练与写作训练整合于"综合性学习"之中，每册教材安排了六次综合性学习活动。同时，部分课文后的研讨与练习中也安排了一定数量的口语交际练习题。这就为口语训练课提供了充分的素材，教师要熟练驾驭教材，充分地收集资料，科学合理地安排口语交际课程，适时给予方法指导并做好组织引导工作，切忌过多的口语交际知识讲解，把时间让给学生，把说话的权利交给学生，使学生真正成为学习的主人。
四、创设好的口语交际环境
口语交际是在特定的环境中产生的，它离不开特定的情境。教师在初中语文教学中，要充分利用课程，创造出特定的情境，让学生身临其境，充分表现和展示，以进行口语训练。教师在进行口语交际训练时，要充分调动想象力，精心设计符合学生日常生活场景的交际情境，充分调动学生的情趣，调动他们进行口语交际的积极性和主动性。如：让学生充当裁判员、调节员处理教室里发生的事情。这样有利于训练学生的口语表达能力，更有助于提高他们的适应能力和辨别是非的能力。
五、拓展口语交际渠道，加强学生课外口语训练
口语交际是一个多向互动的过程，仅仅在课程上进行口语训练是远远不够的。因此，老师还应引导学生拓展口语交际渠道，加强学生课外口语交际训练。例如可以开展语文教学实践活动，开展主题班会，采取类似如记者招待会、记者采访的形式进行口语训练等，当然，更重要的是要鼓励学生在社会中训练口语，多与人接触，加强与父母和亲朋好友的交流与沟通，只有这样，才能从根本上提高学生的口语交际能力。
六、对口语交际训练进行科学评价，以保证其可持续性
在教学活动中，科学的评价有着重要的导向作用，口语交际课程中也是如此。教师评价与学生自主评价相结合；评价应多一些鼓励因素，少一点甄别与选拔成分。这样不仅能帮助教师了解自己的教学情况，便于调整教学方案，更重要的是让学生看到自己的学习成果，坚定学习信心，增添兴趣。仅仅这样还不够，如果把口语交际能力纳入高考、中考，在高考中考成绩中占一定的份额，就会赢得学生、家长和教师的普遍重视，从而使口语交际教学具有持续性，不再是阅读、写作的附庸。
篇（5）
口语交际能力是当代中国人最重要也是最实用的能力之一，小学作为塑造学生性格和培育学生综合素质的关键时期，对小学生沟通能力和人际交往能力的培养至关重要。因此，语文教师应该充分利用阅读训练与口语交际的内在联系性，让学生不断加强口语交际能力，提升学生的语文素质。
一、小学语文阅读教学中口语交际能力的培养现状
（一）缺乏培养意识
我国小学语文阅读教学偏重对文中字词、作者思想感情以及文章排篇布局、遣词用句的理解，教师普遍没有形成在小学语文阅读教学中培养学生口语交际能力的意识。再者，口语交际能力属于主观能力，难以通过客观的方式检验，因此，在应试中并没有考核，这也导致一些教师对口语交际能力的不重视，从而将大把的时间和精力花费到应试题型上，忽视了对学生口语交际能力的培养。即使有部分老师认识到了口语交际能力培养的重要性，他们也将口语交际能力培养与阅读训练教学分开看待，利用不多的口语交际课程对学生进行理论性指导和训练，这种处理方式浪费了大量的口语交际培养资源。因此，改变教师对口语交际教学的意识至关重要。
（二）教学手段单一、低效
目前，我国小学语文教师对学生口语交际能力的培养方式大多是朗读和复述，学生对课堂的参与积极性不高，训练方式效率低下，没有形成良好的沟通氛围，交际性不强，达不到培养学生交际能力的目的。教师对口语交际教学手段的不了解，影响了口语交际课程的效果，降低了学生对口语交际的兴趣，从而影响了学生的口语交际能力。
（三）缺乏有效的评价
正如前文所提及的，口语交际能力是一种极其主观的能力，不能通过寻常的测试方式进行评价，长期以来，小学语文测试只注重学生识文断字的能力，而对于学生口语交际的考查则体现在任课老师的口头提问上。这种口头评价随意性强，模糊不清，缺乏一定的标准，也没有明确的指导性，影响学生形成系统的学习。
二、小学语文阅读教学中口语交际能力的培养方法
（一）重视对口语交际能力的培养
小学生口语交际能力的培养不仅可以提高学生的自主学习能力，还可以为他们日后走向社会打下良好的基础，提高其综合素质，因此，对学生口语交际能力的培养是小学语文教学重要的一环。部分教师必须改变其老旧的观念，正视对学生口语交际能力培养的重要性，从听、说、读、写等各个方面考查并培养学生的口语交际能力。鼓励学生在读懂文章的同时勇于说出自己的认知和感受，将口语交际训练融入阅读教学中，在阅读训练中潜移默化地加强学生对口语交际方面的训练，激发学生进行口语交际的积极性，让学生爱说、想说、敢说。
（二）创新教学方法
教师应该积极创新，改变原有的教学手段，利用阅读教学与口语交际训练的相互渗透性，探索培养学生口语交际能力的新方法。小学阅读多是故事类阅读，情节生动有趣，教师可以依托文本，鼓励学生通过角色扮演的形式，创设出贴近生活的对话情境，让学生在模拟对话中受到潜移默化的影响，增强语言能力，提高临场应变能力，达到口语交际训练的目的。
其次，教师也可以组织学生进行演讲活动，鼓励学生公开表达自己的意见，增强学生的语言组织能力和表达能力，提高学生“听话”和“说话”的能力，教师可以设置讨论辩论环节，鼓励学生将个人观点讲清楚，并与其他同学在此基础进行商讨和辩论，完善自己的观点，深化自己的见解。这种创新性的教学方式可以有效地活跃课堂气氛，激起学生的口语交际兴趣，在轻松的环境下完成对口语交际能力的提高。
（三）有效评价
有效的评价措施对提高学生口语交际能力有着重要的意义，因此，采取有效的评价措施，完善小学口语交际评价机制势在必行。教师可以将笔试与口试相结合，通过笔试，可以设置一些情境对话问题的形式，提高教师和学生对口语交际训练的重视程度，并且可以在理论层面对学生进行考查，督促学生尽快掌握口语交际的知识和技能。口试通过设置讲述、应对、转述、即席讲话、主题演讲等多种方式全面考查学生对口语交际的认识和表达沟通的水平。
综上所述，良好的口语交际能力是21世纪社会人必备的素质，
如何通过阅读教学培养学生的口语交际能力是当代教师必须思考的问题。在小学口语交际培养中，教师必须认识到自身的不足之处，正视口语交际的重要性，创新教学手段，完善评价机制，营造愉悦的教学氛围，将阅读教学与口语交际联系在一起，设计出更适合小学生口语交际训练的方法。
参考文献：
篇（6）
近年来，随着我国改革开放的发展和我国与国际间的经济、科技、文化交流日益频繁，人们越来越重视外国文化问题。同时，我们也逐渐认识到了了解外国文化在对外交往中的重要性。在教育领域中，外语教学也渐渐重视对学生交际能力的培养。然而，对许多老师而言，文化教学还是一个较新的概念，从跨文化角度对英语教学进行研究探讨在目前还是个新领域。我们必须认识到交际能力的培养是外语教学的主要目标，培养学生跨文化交际的技能是中学外语教学要达到的一个目标。文化教学在中学英语教学中的重要性不可忽视，英语学习者不了解英语国家的文化，就无法获得交际能力。因此在中学英语口语教学中应该目标明确地，循序渐进地，方法得当地导入文化教学，使英语学习者在学习语言和知识的同时受到文化的熏陶，在跨文化交际中游刃有余。
关键词： 跨文化交际；文化教学；中学英语口语教学
ABSTRACT
Since last century, because of reforming and opening policy, many people, especially young people go abroad to get a better job or get further education and so on. Besides, many foreigners are curious about our country. Consequently, people come to realize that if we know little about cross-cultural communication, there will be many conflicts. Some experts suggest that today’s English teaching should emphasize intercultural communication. Learners ought to know not only grammar or words, but should learn cultural knowledge. If not, they will meet many difficulties while they communicate with foreigners. Therefore, it is important to introduce this kind of knowledge while teaching. We can’t neglect the importance of culture teaching in middle school foreign language teaching, English teachers should integrate culture into ELF teaching gradually and appropriately. Thus the students may have a better understanding of the target language, and they may communicate freely and effectively in cross-culture communication.
Keywords：Cross-cultural communication; Cultural teaching; middle school ELF oral teaching
Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. the concept of intercultural communication 3
2.1 Literature review 3
2.2 Definition of intercultural communication 4
3.A survey based on classroom observations 7
3.1 The analysis of interviews 7
3.2 The analysis of a questionnaire 7
3.2.1 Data analysis on the questionnaire (1) 9
3.2.2 Data analysis on the questionnaire (2) 10
3.2.3 Data analysis on culture curriculum 12
4. Ways of improving cross-cultural communication competence in middle school oral teaching 15
4.1 The necessity of develop cross-cultural communication competence 17
4.2 Some strategies for improving cross-cultural communication competence in the ELF oral learning in chinese middle school 17
4.2.1 Some strategies to learners 17
4.2.2 Some strategies to teachers 19
5. Conclusion 25
Acknowledgements 26
References 27
AppendixⅠ 28
1． Introduction
Language is just like a mirror that reflects its national culture. Sociologists and anthropologists believe that culture comprises all products of human activity, including fields of literature, art, music, architecture, and scientific as well as aspects of customs, life-style, code of conduct, worldly wisdom and social organization, etc. Languages are generally accepted words and rules drawn from speech. Language is the carrier of culture and culture is the content of language20.
Worldwide interest in intercultural communication grows out of two assumptions. First, we live in an age when changes in technology, travel, economy, and political systems, immigration patterns, especially the emergence of Internet, have created a world in which we increasingly interact with people from different cultures. And whether we like it or not, these interactions will continue to grow in both frequently and intensely. Second, people now know that the influence of culture affects communication in a subtle way. Our culture perceptions and experiences help determine how the world looks and how we interact in the world.
However, as we look back to see the situation in China’s high schools. We see that, for several decades, language teachers have not been able to pay attention to the role of culture knowledge in language oral teaching. Nowadays, in the ELF oral teaching, especially in middle school, teachers pay much attention to vocabulary.
As Chinese culture is not the same as that of English-speaking countries, the rules for using Chinese are, in some respects, different from those using English. There is especially good evidence that Chinese students may transfer their mother tongue references of language used to their English performance and fail to communicate effectively[1]24. Misunderstanding caused by cross-cultural communication should break down and much attention should be paid to them in English language t eaching.
So in middle school ELF oral teaching, teachers must not only improve students’ language level, but also pay attention to cultivating students’ abilities of intercultural communication.
2. The concept of intercultural communication
2.1 Literature review
More and more common practice of intercultural communication promotes the emergence of the concept of intercultural communicative competence. It is a challenging issue for language study and language teaching.
In 1965, Chomsky put forward the concept of linguistic competence and linguistic performance. Later, it was challenged by Campbell and Wales (1970) and Hymes (1972). Hymes (1972) argues that the appropriateness of language is the core of communicative competence, and he sees communicative competence as part of cultural competence. Canale and Swain (1980) put forward a more complex framework, and Canale (1983) summarized communicative competence in the way that it includes four component parts --- grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic. Canale’s conclusion in fact suggests that all aspects of language using are determined by culture. The continuous theoretical research of communicative competence has paved the way for the development of language teaching in which cultural factors are considered more and more important.
In 1975, the first textbook on intercultural communication “An Introduction to Intercultural Communication” (Conden & Yousef ) was published, and many other books followed it. The research on intercultural communication has developed quickly, and has exerted incredible influence on language and cultural teaching.
Traditional language teaching divides language techniques into listening, speaking, reading and writing. Deman (1987) applied the theories of intercultural communication to language and cultural teaching, and viewed cultural teaching as the fifth dimension of language teaching. Seelye published a book named “Teaching Culture: Strategies for Foreign Language Education” in 1984. Gumperz (1982) conducted investigations on the “discourse strategy” of the communicators who had a non-English cultural background and who spoke English as the second language. He revealed that those communicators’ assumptions of the world that had been formed in their native cultural context would exert great influence on intercultural communication. This, in turn, has stimulated a trend in language teaching that sees culture as discourse (Widdowson, 1984; Mclarthy, 1991; Kramsch, 1993; Candlin,1994; Hanks,1996). So since 1990, process-centered and task-oriented teaching mode has been widely adopted in the west.
Besides, American applied linguist G. Robinson (1985) put forward an important concept that through language and cultural teaching learners would gain “Cultural Versatility”. That is to say, through learning culture, learners would change internally. This viewpoint is quite significant.
Prof. Michael Bryam’s research is also strikingly notable. He holds that foreign language education includes four parts: language learning, language understanding, cultural understanding, and cultural experience.
2.2 Definition of intercultural communication
“Intercultural Communication” can hence be defined as the interpersonal interaction between members of different groups, which differ form each other in respect of the knowledge shared by their members and in respect of their linguistic forms of symbolic behavior. In this Concepts of intercultural and Combines the Concepts of intercultural and communication, It also describes the problems and pitfalls of misunderstanding and the skills and competence required for successfully understanding member of other culture.
Thanks to Edward T. Hall who is regarded as the founder of intercultural communication, a new brink knowledge, intercultural communication, has been becoming more and more widespread in the whole world ever since the publication of his great work The Silence Language. Intercultural communication is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual processing tool with which people from different cultures create shared meaning[2]115. Intercultural communication occurs whenever a message produced in one culture must be processed in another culture. It can best be understood as cultural variance in the perception of social objects and events. The barriers to communication caused by this perceptual variance can best be lowered by a knowledge and understanding of cultural factors that are subject to variance, coupled with an honest and sincere desire to communicate successfully across cultural boundaries.
Intercultural communication refers to communication between persons who have d ifferent cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving.
2.2.1 Cultural and cross-cultural communication
Cultural awareness in language learning is the ability to be aware of cultural relativity following reading, writing, listening and speaking. As Claire kramsch points out…[12]
If…language is seen as social practice, culture becomes the very core of language teaching, cultural awareness must then be viewed as enabling language proficiency…
Language itself is defined by culture. Language competent cannot be achieved without a good understanding of culture that shapes it, especially in foreign language learning. It is not only therefore essential to have cultural awareness, but also have cross-cultural communication awareness, such as the understanding of the relationship between target culture and native culture.
2.2.2 Culture teaching and ELF oral teaching in middle school
The interrelationship between culture teaching and language teaching has been explored in depth by Michael Byram. The basis of Byram’s position is that it views language as a cultural phenomenon, embodying the values and meanings particular to a specific society, referring to the traditions and artifacts of that society and signaling its people’s sense of themselves—their cultural identity: “to teach foreign culture is to introduce learners to new competences and to allow them to reflect upon their own culture and cultural competence[2].” It is assumed by others that language could somehow stand alone and be taught as a value-free symbolic system. But the social nature of language works oppositely when separating it from its original culture, especially when appearing in overseas contexts, where the learners’ contact with the culture is largely confined to the foreign language classroom.
Traditional foreign language teaching does not pay much attention to cultural factor. It focuses mainly on the vocabulary and structure of the language. But plenty of facts prove that language is not only a symbol, a system, which put forward by pure linguistic theory scholar, but also a social practice. Therefore successful foreign language teaching must help the student master the knowledge of culture rules, in addition to use them in particular situation. Every nation has its unique culture pattern and language is the carrier of culture. For instance, Asians emphasize the importance of orderly society whereas Americans emphasize the importance of personal freedom and individual rights. For effective and appropriate communication, learners in middle school must be familiar with the differences in the foreign culture which they are learning and take according language behaviors.
3. A survey based on classroom observations
Survey date: 25/02/2009
Survey instrument: interview and questionnaire.
Subjects: students of Ning Bo Chai Qiao middle school. 30 students are interviewed, 98 students (30 interviewed students and another 68 students) participate in questionnaire. All the 98 copies of questionnaire are valid.
The objective of this survey is to investigate:
1) Students’ attitudes towards cross-cultural communication in the ELF oral learning
2) Current situation of students’ information input.
3.1 The analysis of interviews
Thirty English learners are interviewed and are invited to answer only one question: what is a competent language learner like in your eyes? The responses tend to fall into three categories:
(1) Twenty five interviewees think that he or she is good at English listening, speaking, reading and writing abilities, especially at speaking and listening;
(2) Ten of them think he or she is familiar with foreign culture and is a successful cross-cultural communicator.
(3) Five of them think a good command of native language is necessary.
In order to describe more directly, the results of interviews are put into a table (Table.1).
Table1. Results of the Interview
Positive attitudes Percentage
Language proficiency learning(reading, writing, speaking and listening) 83.33％ (25/30)
Accumulation of culture 33.33％ (10/30)
Mother tongue proficiency 16.67％ ( 5/30)
These students’ responses reveal the following information:
Firstly, these students still see the four basic skills (speaking, listening, reading and writing) as their main study objective. Secondly, cross-cultural communication competence has already been realized by language learners, but this group is small compared to the whole. Thirdly, the importance of mother tongue competence has only been seen by a few interviewees.
According to this interview, most interviewees have realized the importance of language proficiency in language learning, but the point is why only one third of the interviewees have realized the importance and necessity of cross-cultural communicative competence since which are discussed so warmly in present language teachin g world? Do they hold a negative view on it or do they just have not yet obtained the awareness consciously?
3.2 The analysis of a questionnaire
The English learning questionnaire consists of nine closed-ended questions (see Appendix), For instance, “you have the interest and passion in English and language learning”, and the answers falls into four types:
1. Strongly Agree (SA) 2. Agree (A) 3. Disagree (D) 4. Strongly Disagree (SD)
According to the research content, the analysis of questionnaire is divided into two parts. The first five are put in Table 2 and the rest four questions are put in Table 4.
3.2.1 Data analysis on the questionnaire (1)
This part of analysis involves data analysis on questions 1-5 in the questionnaire and a comparison between the responds of the interviews and the questionnaire.
3.2.1.1 Data analysis on the questionnaire (1)
Table2. Results of Questions 1-5 in Questionnaire
SA A D SD
1) The cultivation of English skills(reading, writing, speaking and listening) is the foundation of the language learning 60.29％ 31.65％ 2.04％ 6.02％
2) Reading English novels everyday is necessary 17.35％ 69.39％ 13.26％ 0.00％
3) It is important to acquire a good knowledge of native language in the ELF oral learning 44.90％ 53.06％ 2.04％ 0.00％
4) The accumulation of language and cross-cultural communication competence are of equal importance 50.00％ 48.98％ 1.02％ 0.00％
5) It is necessary to read materials regularly about politics, economy, culture, and so on 39.80％ 60.20％ 0.00％ 0.00％
Questions 1-5 (see appendix) indicate a clear picture of students’ attitudes towards language proficiency learning, native language learning, and accumulation on cross-cultural communication competence, literature, and politics and so on. On the importance of the cultivation of reading, speaking, listening and writing in language learning, 91.94% (60.29% SA+31.65% A) of English majors agree and of which 64.29% strongly agree. On daily English novels reading, a total of 86.74% (17.35% SA+69.39% A) consider it necessary. On the necessity a good command of native language, 97.96% (44.90% SA+53.06% A) of English learners agree. On the relation of native language learning and foreign language learning, 98.98% (50.0% SA+48.98% A) believe that these two are of equal importance. Finally, on a regularly reading of politics, economy, and culture, all (39.80% SA+60.20% A) the students hold a supportive attitude.
3.2.1.2 Comparison between the interviews and the questionnaire
With regards to the similarities of the contents examined, it seems necessary to
have a comparison between the responds of the interviews and the questionnaire.
Table3. Comparison between the Interviews and the Questionnaire
Positive attitudes (SA+A) Interview
(open-ended) Questionnaire
(close-ended)
Foreign Language proficiency learning(reading, writing, speaking and listening) 83.88％ 91.94％
Accumulation of intercultural communication competence 33.33％ 98.98％
Mother tongue proficiency 16.67％ 97.96％
From the table above, the comparison is very clear that, towards the same research content, interviewees’ responds vary when they are faced with different types of questions. The gap is especially seen on the accumulation of cross-cultural communication competence and native language proficiency. Compared with open-ended question in the interview, interviewees tend to hold a more supportive view on closed-ended questions in the questionnaire. In other word, most English learners subjectively admit the importance of the accumulation of cross-cultural communication competence and native language proficiency, but the point is, not all of them have already obtained the awareness. However, two questions have been proposed from the comparison: (1) Why English learners have not obtained the cross-cultural awareness which should be tied up with the ELF oral learning? (2) Is that because they subjectively lack learning motivation or objectively, they lack timely and efficiently teachers’ cultural guidance?
3.2.2 Data analysis on the questionnaire (2)
This part of questionnaire (table4 in next page) mainly focuses on students’ attitudes towards learning motivation as well as classroom learning. Before the analysis is taken, a brief introduction on motivation can help to have a better understanding on the analysis.
1) Integrative motivation
Motivation has been identified as the learners’ orientation with regards to the goal of learning foreign language69. This form of motivation is known as integrative motivation.
.2) Instrumental Motivation
In contrast to integrative motivation is the form of motivation which is known as in strumental motivation. This is generally characterized by the desire to obtain something practical from the study of foreign language[9]125. With instrumental motivation, the purpose of study is more practical, such as meeting the requirements for college graduation, applying for a job and achieving higher social status.
Table4. Results of Questions 6-9 in Questionnaire
SA A D SD
6) Your have the interest and passion in the ELF oral learning 14.29％ 61.22％ 21.43％ 3.06％
7) You would prefer to get an English-related job after the graduation 21.43％ 66.33％ 11.22％ 1.02％
8) The present classroom teaching can cultivate your learning abilities and improve your cross-cultural skills 2.04％ 7.14％ 71.43％ 19.39％
9) You hope to have English class in various forms such as discussion, presentation, debate, performance and so on. 25.51％ 63.27％ 9.18％ 2.04％
As is shown in the table (results of questions 6 and 7), 75.51% (14.29%SA+61.22%A) of English learners have the interest and passion in language learning, and 87.76% (21.43%SA+66.33%A) of them would like to get an English related job in the future. According to the introduction of motivation, the answers to those two questions (questions 6 and 7) can be taken as the representation of integrative and instrumental motivation respectively. Therefore, a conclusion can be made that, most students subjectively want to make a living by using their language competence.
In order to check the condition of students’ cultural information input, questions 8 and 9 are designed and analyzed. 89.82% (71.43%D+19.39SD) of English learners do not think that the present classroom teaching can cultivate their learning abilities and improve their cross-cultural communication competence, whereas a total of 88.78% (25.51%SA+63.27%A) hope to have English class in various forms such as discussion, presentation, debate, performance and so on. It can be found that most English majors are not satisfied with the current classroom teaching. They hope to enjoy a more interactive and communicative teaching style. The traditional text-based grammatical and linguistic teaching could not meet the needs of the cultivation of communicative competence to some extent. What’s more important is that students are supposed to have a consciously as well as unconsciously cultural awareness promote by language teachers.
3.2.3 Data analysis on culture curriculum
It is shown from the result of question 8 in the table above (table 4) that present foreign language teaching has not provided a satisfactory fruit on cultural awareness cultivation. A question should be taken into consideration, that is, how can cross-culture awareness be expressed in the foreign language curriculum, with the purpose to cultivate language learners’ cultural awareness and communication insight into the target civilization? For a long time, this has been attempted by introducing the geographical environment and historical or political development of the foreign culture, its institutions and customs, its literary achievements, and even everyday life of its people. Take English learners in Ning Bo Chai Qiao middle school as an example, their cultural input has largely come from courses such as Extensive Reading, Communication between Cultures, American Literature, and An Outline Introduction to Britain and America, and so on. Following is a basic analysis on the four courses.
Table5. Courses Information
Course Duration Teacherˊs background
Extensive Reading first 4 terms Chinese
Communication between cultures the 7th term New Zealander
American literature the 7th term Chinese
An Outline Introduction to Britain and America the 7th term Canadian
Extensive Reading was taught by a Chinese teacher during the first four terms, and the teaching contents mainly focus on western culture, economy, politic, education and so on. After two years study, it helps students build up a general view on western civilization. Communication between Cultures is taught by a English-speaking teacher from New Zealand, the teaching content seems “boring and meaningless” said the majority of students, the teacher read the chapters from the book to the class instead of giving practical cross-cultural communication analysis. So for most students, they did not learn as much as they expected from this course. American literature was taught by a Chinese teacher, and the teaching contents include background information introduction and literacy reading. An Outline Introduction to Britain and America was taught by a Canadian teacher who has a good experience on both British and American cultures. In this course, students are introduced to a comparison of the British and American culture.
From what have been introduced above, it can be seen that although there are four courses and an 28-month course duration, most of what students have taken is an education of “cultural background knowledge” on Chinese or English rather t han practical cross-cultural communication stimulation such as comparisons or contradictions between the target and native culture. To some extent, it revels why most English students have not got a conscious awareness in cultural or cross-cultural communication competence.
Through comparisons between the interview and the questionnaire, it can be seen that students hold positive attitudes on develop the competence of intercultural communication, but for some reasons, not so many have already obtained conscious cross-cultural awareness. Through further analysis of curriculum on cultural teaching, it reveals that present cultural teaching in ELF oral teaching shows the weakness in practical, sufficient and conscious cultural input to help build up language learner’s cross-cultural awareness. Moreover, the current teaching is also expected to be more communicative and interactive. Thus, following on are the possible ways to promote the competence of intercultural communication,
4.1 The necessity of develop cross-cultural communication competence
Firstly, it is vital for language teachers to help language learners develop their cross-cultural communication competence. If the final purpose of intercultural communication competence cultivation is to help students to acquire cross-cultural communication competence, then what cross-cultural communication competence is? According to Kramsch’s opinion, cross-cultural awareness is not really a skill, but a collection of skills and attitudes known as a competence[12].
Secondly, it is necessary to make clear what cross-cultural awareness skills students are supposed to acquire. It has been suggested that cross-cultural awareness consists of having four different perspectives on communication with a different culture. Cross-cultural competent students should be able to:
----look at their own culture from the point of view of their own culture (for example, having a good understanding and awareness of their own culture)
----Be aware of how their culture is seen from outside, by other countries or cultures
----understand or see the target culture from its own perspective (for example, understanding and being aware of what other people think of their own culture)
----Be aware of how they see the target culture
4.1.1 The request of the development of Internationalization
Lin Dajin in the “cross-cultural communication study, ” pointed out that culture can be defined as “ the integrated feature that a nation is distinct from another nation. ” Cultural differences are the barriers of cross-cultural communication. The modernization process accelerated the circulation of spiritual and material products, and brought all nationalities into a common “global village”, cross-cultural communication became an integral part of national life. If people do not understand the cultural convention in the USA or Britain, and use the way of China to treat foreigners, then it will create a lot of jokes, and even hurt each other's feelings, self-esteem and cause misunderstanding. Thus, to overcome the cultural differences caused by communication barriers has become a common problem faced by the entire world.
4.1.2 It is imperative to understand the cultural background knowledge
Understanding cultural knowledge is the key to language learning. “One can not really learn the language, and teach language well unless one knows the patterns and norms of culture and cultural background[14]224. ” Without a specific cultural background, language is non-existent. If we don’t know the culture of target language, we would find it is difficult to understand the meaning of certain words. For example, “Thanksgiving”, “Sandwich” has been brought about in a specific social and historical circumstance, it is not enough merely to know the meaning of the surface of these words. Another example is: “You are, indeed, a lucky dog”, the literal translation is “you are a lucky dog. ” This is a satiric sentence in China, because, in Chinese views, “dog” is an expression when people used to refer generally to dislike someone. While in English, it can mean, “You are a lucky man. ” In Western society, “dog” is a family member, and they are harmonious coexisting with people “Dog” here refers to people instead of satirizing others, but a very intimate expression.
4.1.3 Cultural knowledge teaching is the objective of language teaching
The main objective of language teaching is to train and develop students’ interpersonal skills. And cultural knowledge teaching can increase the ability of cross-cultural communication, which is the important content to achieve goals of language teaching. For example, in American society, praise and compliments language that flatter mainly a personal appearance, new things, personal property, and individuals in a ce rtain area are commonly used as the introduction to a conversation. This is different from Chinese. Thus, different nations have different cultural environments, different living habits and different languages behavior expressions. And as a language learner, if not ideologically “physically entering their social linguistic environment” will be difficult to achieve the goal of language learning，not to say that language teaching objectives will be accomplished.
4.2 Some strategies for improving cross-cultural communication competence in the ELF oral learning in Chinese middle school
After the survey research and data analysis, now we have a clear idea of the common reasons that triggered the weakness of the cross-cultural communication in middle school ELF oral teaching. However, we do not have a clarity solution about this situations. Therefore, some strategies were listed here to help learners with their language learning.
4.2.1 Some strategies to learners
4.2.1.1Raising culture awareness
Culture awareness is the term we have used to describe sensitivity to the impact of culturally---induced behavior on language use and communication. It including two qualities: one is awareness of one’s own culture, the other is awareness of the culture[7]15.
Unfortunately, in China, cross-cultural communication errors can be found from time to time. In the ELF oral learning, culture factor needs to be taken seriously. To cultivate students’ intercultural communication we need first to arouse their cultural awareness. Because of different cultural background, life experience, profession, sex, education, even age, character, people may have different modes of interaction. People learn to think, feel, behave and strive for what their culture considers proper. These means there might not be the same as what is intended by the speaker. If we are aware of this, we can avoid ethnocentricity, and can have better communication with people all over the world.
Speakers of a foreign language often have the experience of making careless mistakes which may cause get angry, may be embarrassing and may arouse hostility from native speaker. Often such mistakes occur even though the application of the linguistic rules of grammar, vocabulary or pronunciation is correct. These mistakes are culture errors but occur because of not knowing or choosing the appropriate style, and manner to use for effective communication.
4.2.1.2 The development of sensitiveness to culture differences
There are four stages in the development of the sensitiveness to culture differences. The first, one can make out the obvious, superficial culture characteristics. In other word, he will find them interesting and exotic. The second, one can judge the delicate meaningful cultural characteristics that are quite different from his own. Usually he will feel them incredible or hard to accept .The third, one can accept the cultural characteristics after rational analysis. The fourth, one can be in the other peoples’ shoes and appreciate the cultural characteristics. In other words, the first three stage can be understood, and the fourth empathy.
4.2.1.3 The development of empathy
In order to communication effectively, you need a deep degree of empathy, that is to be able to understand the other person’s affective and cognitive states. Empathy differs from sympathy in that it does not include pity or approval. And focuses on the feelings of others, not our own[12]114. Empathy involves relativism and flexibility, which knowledge alone cannot consist. Teachers can create good classroom environment where students tolerate and appreciate different norms by bringing up students’ empathy. In China, we always emphasize collectivism instead of individualism. But in English class, we advocate differences, to encourage students to understand each other.
To facilitate empathy, we can take these measures:
(1) Subjects like history, anthropology, and sociology should be introduced into
the curriculum. Through these subjects, the students can not only acquaint themselves with the examples of foreign culture, but also master some concepts and principles concerning with culture.
(2) The students should be encouraged to read broadly in Chinese middle
school, both fiction non-fiction, literal or philosophical. Including proverbs, broad reading can be a student better understand and communicate with other cultures. Only through broad reading can he know the taboos, values, beliefs and religion of another culture, only through broad reading can be truly come to realize why privacy is so important and that individualism is so cherished.
(3) The students should he sent abroad for further study if possible. Thus they
can live with the natives for some time, no chance is better than the close contact. They can enjoy the new culture. By enhancing ICC, the intercultural communication of the learners can be carried out tactfully, acco rding to different context.
4.2.2 Some strategies to teachers
Language teachers are supposed to exert instructional strategies to help language learners promote their cross-cultural communication competence, that is, provide language learners with some useful ideals for presenting culture from its own perspective, for example, understanding and being aware of what people in target culture think of their own culture.Chinese teachers should take advantage of foreign teachers. Foreign teachers are rich in knowledge, idiomatic English, strong teaching culture context, full of wit and humor, longing to understand much more about Chinese culture. This attitude can have a great influence on students, and increased their desire of learning English well and knowing about the culture of English-speaking countries. Teachers can make full use of such rare chances and consult foreign teachers that they are according to the calendar, then all of the teachers and students can try their best to create all kinds of conditions to speak them imitatively —Action speak louder than words. Just as what we mentioned above, we have been aware of the importance of learning some cultural knowledge about the target language. It seems impossible and unnecessary for us to have a systematic study of target culture, which covers almost everything, in one’s whole lifetime. The difficulty shows that culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional and complex. A good solution to this problem might be to learn selectively those cultural factors that have great influence on intercultural communication, and that are closely related to the language. So on culture teaching we should follow these principles :( 1) interrelated. that is culture teaching must be interrelated with the content of the text. (2) Appropriate, that is culture teaching must be subjected to language teaching. (3) Practical, that is culture teaching must try to be “useful” for students in their communication. (4) Scientific, that is culture knowledge must be taught correctly, completely and objectively. (5) Flexible, that is culture teaching must be flexible according to the change of the world.
We must obey these five principles if we want to cultivate students’ abilities of cross-cultural communication. What we should teach in ELF classes is simply a foreign way of life related to the target language and teachers should avoid bringing their own cultural prejudice into class. The world is changing, so are the traditions and customs. The constant changes require us to improve our skills of intercultural communication by doing two things: understanding the cultural differences, especially the differences in the deep structure of different cultures, and becoming flexible in intercultural communication. There is a great tendency that one culture adopts the elements from another that are compatible with its own values and beliefs or that can be changed without causing major disruption.
4.2.2.1 Make full use of developing the interest of the competence of intercultural communication in the ELF oral learning in Chinese middle school
Intercultural communication is a big issue, which is not easy for both teachers and students to understand and realize. For successful cultural teaching, we suggest doing the following:
(1) Teach culture differences. Teachers should directly address the similarities and peculiarities between the source culture and the target culture. This can be done through the comparison of the two cultures.
(2) Provide opportunities for students to use the language in situational conversations. While introducing the students play a real-life role and practice their everyday language use according to the varied situation.
(3) Induce students to read literal works, which are vivid and abundant material to understand the character, the psychological state, culture characteristics, convention, and social relationships. Reading newspaper is also the direct path.
(4) Be aware of your students development level, when selecting themes or concepts to present. At first, learning activities should be clear and specific in lower levels, gradually, becoming more complex than the level of the student increases. There are a variety of children’s fiction which presents concepts like similarities, differences and prejudice which can be used at lower levels. At upper levels fiction and biographies can be used to present the more complicated ideas. Try to connect the unfamiliar with the familiar, the known with the unknown.
(5) Use plenty of ways in both general learning tasks and in language learning tasks.
(6) Use varied methods to check the understanding level of the students.
(7) Be enthusiastic. As a teacher you need to be aware of the value of learning a second language in terms of its contribution to developing cultural aware and a range of other cognitive and vocational benefits. Your attitude will influence the attitudes of the child ren in the class and their parents.
Beside, Chinese teachers should take advantage of foreign teachers. Foreign teachers are rich in knowledge, idiomatic English, strong teaching culture context, full of wit and humor, longing to understand much more about Chinese culture. This attitude can have a great influence on students, and increased their desire of learning English well and knowing about the culture of English-speaking countries. Teachers can make full use of such rare chances and consult foreign teachers that they are according to the calendar, then all of the teachers and students can try their best to create all kinds of conditions to speak them imitatively —Action speak louder than words.
For example, we once tried to spend Christmas and Hallowmas with all foreign teachers together in our school .The students were very interested and active in the activities， and such experiences can have impressed them strongly and forever.
Teachers should encourage students to communicate with foreign teachers and some other foreigners in and out of school. Students and foreign teachers can have classes, play games and take part in many kinds of activities together. Communicating with foreigners can provide students with the real cultural context in which English is used actually and stimulate students to learn English well including knowing about foreign culture.
As the success of many activities depends on good organization and on the students knowing exactly what they are to do. A teacher is thus mainly an organizer, whose work is different from administrator of a school system. But the teacher, like any other organizer, works primarily with people, and his task and responsibility are to create situations in which people can do their best and achieve their best.
Since teachers are key roles during culture teaching, they must play a positive role in helping the students to develop intercultural communicative competence and increase the students’ chances to succeeding in both language learning. It is not an expendable skill tacked on to the teaching of speaking, listening, writing and reading. It is always in some background. Lack of intercultural competence will limit the students’ ability to make sense of the world around them, and lead to failure in using English for communication across-culture.
4.2.2.2 Make full use of pictures, films, TV, computers and other audio-visual aids to make the teaching lively and interesting. Explore to the full the opportunities for students with the target culture information.
(1) Plays in and out of class
It is proved that plays in and out of class are probably the most efficient ways of language teaching.
The role of plays and dramas manifests itself when learners perform by themselves. Mini-dramas acted by students expose them to a “process of self-confrontation” with the target cultural communicates. The learners can act out mini-dramas written by them, which show misinterpretation of something that happens in the target cultural context. The cause of the problem is usually clarified in the final scene. Cultural similarities and differences will be analyzed by way of follow-up discussion.
In the listening book of Senior English book3 unit24, the material involves “finding a job”, English teachers can extract one or two advertisements from the magazine for students. Teachers can ask the students to divide into two groups, one group act as recruiters, and the other group act as applicants. By looking at the advertisements, appointing to interview, using some simple props, students can exchange views on working conditions, wages and other issues. Thus, students can understand the practical knowledge of Foreign Service work; the actors also can improve their abilities of practical language.
A short play can be broken down into sections. As learners learn (not memorize) one section, they move on to the next. By combining the sections, they have learned the play. The use of this technique enables different groups of learners to work on several short plays at the same time and leads to the creation of several shirt plays simultaneously.
Drama is a useful tool in cultural learning. A full semester’s work can be built around a drama project, or it can fill five or ten minutes at the beginning or end of a lesson. It encourages the learners to view the linguistic and cultural knowledge as a tool for communication rather than as an academic subject. It can bring life and vitality to the classroom.
(2) Classroom presentation
At the beginning of each lesson, teachers can hold a “cultural corner” sessions, with 5-10 minutes. Teachers or students can introduce one aspect of Western culture, such as famous events of foreign country in history, a prominent figure in the world, or some literary works. To accumulate the cultural knowledge for a long time, students’ cultural knowledge will naturally become broad and rich.
(3) Photo display
Use maps, photographs, and illustrations of the text to introduce relative cultural elements vividly. For instance, when we teach the States of Liberty which appears in the lesson 10 of junior English book3, at first we can display a wall chart of the Statue of Liberty in the United States in front of the classroom, then ask the students to identify it and then observe the Statue of Liberty carefully in the facial expressions, posture language, the hold-high arm and torch. And then teachers can introduce the following cultural background briefly: Batuoerdi, a French sculptor, builds U.S. Statue of Liberty. He takes his mother's face and his wife's body as models to manufacture it. The Goddess of Liberty not only has swallowed vicissitudes face, but also perseverance. The torch in her hand is a symbol of freedom shining all over the world. Then teachers can guide the students to make analysis of the understanding of American national spirit through the Statue of Liberty. Teachers also can allow the students to list their deepest impression in other countries or ethnic representation construction.
(4) Song appreciation
The important function of the songs is to express one’s wishes. Many lyrics and melody of songs are also full of rich cultural content. Students generally are interested in songs. If time is enough in the class, teachers can choose one or two representative English songs for students to appreciate or learn to sing. It is an effective method in the teaching of English cultural knowledge to analyze the content of the lyrics and music rhythm feelings. And then the students can accept the cultural baptism. For example, a song has a lyric like “Love is blue.”(Blue love). Then what representation is “blue” in English? It often expressed "frustration and anxiety". Teachers cited examples to analyze, and then asked students to appreciate this song, try to see if there are any new experiences.
(5) Foreign festivals on the campus
This activity is of great interest to young students. The celebration could take place in a class, a grade or the whole school with the help of the branch of the Youth League. All kinds of activities can be held in festivals, such as performance of foreign songs, dancing and dramas, holding costume parties, watching foreign films, attending lectures given by foreign experts and enjoying foreign food. By celebrating foreign festivals, learners will immerse in the target cultural context. Teachers are to give introduction on the origin and the conventional activities of the festival. A comparison of the similarities and differences between the foreign festivals and Chinese festivals can develop the learners’ cultural awareness.
(6) Using authentic materials
Obviously, the best way to learn foreign cultural background knowledge is to go to that country to stay there for a period of time. But we know that it is almost impossible to have such an opportunity, especially for our students. Therefore, it is practically necessary for the teachers to use authentic materials to teach culture.
Mass media, such as, film, novels and especially newspapers and magazines, is also considered as an insightful means for teaching culture, for they reflect people’s way of life in terms of variety contemporaneity and authenticity. Students in an ELF setting will spontaneously ask questions about puzzling aspects of society and life as reflected in the film or magazine. This material is by no means easy to interpret because there is so much central inference and it requires deep familiarity with and comprehensive exegeses of the culture in question. Therefore “all such material should be selected with an eye to the subculture diversity of the target community”.
5. Conclusion
Today, international cultural exchange is going on directly and indirectly, with its new scope, content, form and method unheard of before. To confine oneself to one’s own culture is to go against the times. Now, in our country, the open policy towards the rest of the world has become a fundamental policy. This policy has brought about much broader prospects for international cultural exchange. Therefore, overcoming cultural barriers has become more and more important. Only by surmounting the barriers can we get a high degree of cultural exchange, make use of good things from other cultures and build up our cultural and material wealth. This exchange will contribute to understanding and friendship among nations as well as development in science and culture.
In the practical teaching, the culture teaching should be presented as many detailed as possible in the teaching syllabus. The teaching materials should not be located only in the source culture and should be a constructive attempt to be explicit about intercultural behavior and communication, especially, in view of the limited language available at this level. Besides, in the classroom ELF oral teaching, teachers are expected to use a variety of teaching methods that are suitable to students’ level. In intercultural communication settings, Chinese learners in culture instruction should keep an open mind: we should try to avoid the prejudiced culture stereotypes over the other cultures and our own. Especially, we should put higher focus on the learning of our own Chinese culture. Another key point is becoming awareness of our own culture bottom lines. We must learn what our own culture line is ― the values where we are can negotiate, but we cannot compromise. We can allow others to be different, and respect their differences as they respect ours.
Though the culture teaching is a very complicated and difficult part to deal with, the educators and teachers involved in language education should make great efforts to carry out this part thoroughly. This determines much whether the effective cross-cultural communication can be preceded smoothly between China and the world.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Meng Dong, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Han Xiaoya, Shen Yin and many others.
And I also appreciate Li Neng, who offer me great help during the time I was in the practice in Ning Bo Chai Qiao middle school. Without her help, I could not finish my survey in this paper.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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AppendixⅠ
*Questionnaire:
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree
1) The cultivation of English skills(reading, writing, speaking and listening) is the foundation of the language learning
2) Reading English novels everyday is necessary
3) It is important to acquire a good knowledge of native language in foreign language learning
4) The accumulation of language and cross-cultural competence are of equal importance
5) It is necessary to read materials regularly about politics, economy, culture, and so on
6) You have the interest and passion in the ELF oral learning
7) You would prefer to get an English-related job after graduation
8) The present classroom teaching can cultivate your learning ability and improve your cross-cultural skills
9) You hope to have English class in various forms such as discussion, presentation, debate, performance and so on.
诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文《论中学英语口语教学中跨文化交际能力的培养》均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。
篇（7）
中图分类号：G424 文献标识码：A
Analysis of the Independent College Chinese Speech and Debate
Teaching and Oral Communicative Competence
CHEN Lingling
（Shaanxi Normal University， Xi'an， Shaanxi 710062；
City College of Dongguan University of Technology， Dongguan， Guangdong 523106）
Abstract Oral communication ability is the "listening， speaking" two parts of capabilities in the language of the four modules； especially emphasize the ability to speak. In independent institute language teaching， the importance of oral communication ability and students' professional skills comparable， thus， independent college should train students' oral communication ability. The speech and debate as the ability to develop oral communication in two major sections， independent college language teaching has an essential role. From the students' oral communication ability departure to university lectures and debates based curriculum， expand elaboration.
Key words oral communication ability； speech and debate； course teaching
1 演讲与辩论简介
演讲与辩论是提高学生口语交际能力的两个重要方面，根据现代汉语词典的解释，演讲是指在公共场合，采用有声语言和肢体语言作为手段，针对某个或某些具体的问题，完整地表达自己的个人主张或见解，阐述道理或者抒发内心的情感，并进行鼓动的一种语言活动。演讲能对个人的口语表达技巧及心理素质进行良好的训练，对学生个人的胆量及表达能力是一个极有利的锻炼。
而辩论是针对某一问题上，参赛双方采取争辩的方式以捍卫自己的观点，通常情况下，由于辩论赛采取的是驳斥对方观点的形式，因而场面是极其激烈的。辩论对个人能力的培养主要从三个方面：有条理的逻辑能力、敏捷的思辨能力以及在赛场上雄辩的能力，因而辩论对个人综合能力的培养是多方面的，同时也需要花费大量的时间和精力。
2 演讲与辩论的有效教学
2.1 多样化教学组织形式，提高学生参与教学的主动性
传统意义上的教学教师占据主体地位，学生都是被动地接受知识，而随着现代教育逐渐提倡注重学生在教与学中的主导地位，注重让学生主动参与到教学活动中，成为课堂的主导。这个过程就需要教师对教学组织的形式进行着重的思考，从多方面充分结合学生的特点，提高学生的课堂参与度。
首先，要结合学生的兴趣所在。在演讲与辩论教学的初级阶段，学生由于尚未掌握一定的技巧，对陌生的话题较不熟悉，因此，教师要寻找同学们共同感兴趣的话题，例如：故事、笑话等。找到学生的兴趣所在才能顺利开展教学，让学生逐渐将注意力转移到学习中，从“逼着学”到“主动学”。这个过程一定要忌讳偏难的话题，这样的话学生难以开口，会对学习逐渐丧失兴趣。
其次，采用多媒体教学，让学生在观摩中学习。在课程教学进行到中阶段时，教师要适当采取一定的教学方式阐述演讲与辩论的技巧，包括两种口语表达方式与一般表达方式的不同，肢体语言的合适应用等。高科技的多媒体教学手段为教学提供了极大的便利，使得学生在课堂上足不出户便能欣赏到优秀人才的讲演与辩论，从中观摩技巧，逐渐学习在不同主题下如何运用言语表达以及肢体语言征服听众。
2.2 合适安排教学内容，强化教学方法
无论是演讲还是辩论，都需要有一个循序渐进的过程，教师在组织教学的时候，应根据学生的具体特点，在教学的初始阶段，让学生掌握基础理论，对一些场景进行简要模仿。在中级阶段，带领学生通过多媒体观摩大型赛事的比赛现场，领会大型比赛的氛围，观摩优秀的演讲者与辩论者是如何征服受众，同时教授学生如何在短时间内搭建表达内容的框架，培养学生的及时思辨能力，在即兴演讲与辩论赛中快速做出反应。在教学的最后阶段，进行演讲及辩论赛的实战演练，选择题目，组织全班同学进行积极准备，并在课堂上展现成果。
2.3 合理考查，公平评价
教学需要进行考核才能明确教学的进展、问题，因而，教学的考核极其重要。尤其是对于高等职业院校来说，这种考核对于鞭策那些态度不端正的学生具有立竿见影的效果。因而，在演讲与辩论的教学中，为了使教学达到预期目标，需对学生进行平时成绩考核（占30%）及最终成绩考核（占70%），平时成绩包括出勤率、平时演讲与辩论情况、课堂上的表现等综合情况，而最终成绩是学生的个人演讲与小组辩论的综合成绩。这样的综合性考查机制能有效让学生参与学习，并以积极的态度投入学习。
同时，还应对学生的表现作出积极的评价。独立学院院校的学生由于一开始便存在底子薄、态度差的问题，因而在大多数情况下，教师都不会对他们作出积极的评价。因此，一个积极的评价对于这些学生来说，意义重大。教师在学生作出一定努力之后，进行公平、积极的评价能有效的激发学生的学习主动性，让其在后续的学习中冲劲更足。
3 有效演讲与辩论中应注意的问题
（1）学会倾听，注意倾听。倾听是一门重要的说话艺术，据相关调查表明，人与人的交往中，听的部分占据了55%，由此可见，听的艺术之重要性。在演讲与辩论中，倾听不只是简简单单的接受对方发出的声音，而是通过倾听和思考，将这些听到的声音转化为重要的信息内容，并对这些内容加以思考、分辨，提取核心内容部分。同时还应注意声音发出者在讲话时的神情动作，注意领会其中的要领，并在较短时间内做出思考。
（2）表达要自信。在交流中，说话者必须要有底气，这样才能让受众觉得表达是有据可信的，尤其是在征服听众的演讲与征服对手的辩论赛中。这便要求我们的学生在平时的生活与学习中通过开阔自己的眼界、树立积极的心态，学习强有力的表达技巧，在交流中、演讲中、辩论中，做到有话可说、有话敢说、有话会说，在表达时自然得体、大方有度。
4 总结
在现代化的社会里，缺乏较强的口语交际能力是无法实现全面发展的。笔者结合自身的经验，在前人的看法上对现阶段独立学院语文教学中培养口语交际能力的典型课程演讲与辩论课程的教学进行了一定的思考，认为现阶段的演讲与辩论课程的教学仍然存在着一定的缺陷，需要从教学者与学习者两个方面作出积极努力。当然，学生口语交际能力的培养并不止上述的演讲与辩论训练，其他的如讨论、复述、交谈等也都是极其有利的方式，教学需要根据实际需要及实际条件选择合适的方式对学生进行能力培养，最大程度实现学生口语交际能力的全面提升。
参考文献
篇（8）
口语交际是母语教学中的重要内容，长期以来，人们一直认为语文学习需要书面语的学习，新一论的课程改革中，口语交际作为一种重要的语文素养被提了出来，《语文课程标准》中也明确指出：“口语交际能力是现代公民的必备能力。”“语文课程应引导学生正确地理解和运用祖国语言，丰富语言的积累，培养语感，使他们具有适应实际需要的识字写字能力，阅读能力，写作能力，口语交际能力。”由此说明，口语交际已成为重要的语文教学内容之一。但是受传统语文“重书面，轻口语”的束缚，口语交际往往仅限在课堂内四十分钟的教学。农村学生现状分析， 迫使我们加强学生的口语交际能力。 在应试教育这一传统观念的约束下，我们学校和老师依然只重“传道、授业、解惑”的传统教学模式，忽视学生各方面能力培养，对于领导看不清摸不着的学生素质，只抱听之任之的态度。所以，如何拓宽口语交际训练渠道，全面提高学生口语交际能力，成为众多教育者关注和亟待解决的问题。
我们学校申请了一个关于培养学生口语交际能力研究的课题，在研究的过程中，我们发现教材中的很多话题对于农村学生来说并不是很适合。基于此，提出“农村学生口语交际系列话题研究”的课题，紧扣农村特色，广拓渠道，规范、扎实地训练。以此提高学生的口语交际能力，为农村学校口语交际教学起个示范作用。
二、课题的界定
1.本课题属基础教育类的语文科，口语交际指在各种交际活动中能正确、流利、得体地用口头语言表达交际思想的行为。
2.口语交际能力训练的实质是口语交际经验的类化过程，是语言知识要素和口语交际技能要素的获得与整合的过程。
3.本课题提出的口语交际规范训练旨在通过设计系列的口语交际话题，制定出一系列的话题项目，使学生口语交际能力渐进提高。
三、本课题在国内外研究的现状与趋势
口语交际的研究在我国语文学科里比较早，我搜索了一下发现大多研究的都是如何培养学生口语交际能力，对于专门的话题研究不是很多，特别是相对口语交际能力较差的农村学生，该如何拓宽适合他们的口语交际话题，迄今为止我们还未能找到这方面的调研报告。因而，我们提出了“农村学生口语交际系列话题研究”的课题，希望能为口语教学探索一点经验。
四、研究的理论依据
1.以建构主义学习理论为指导
2.以《语文课程标准》为研究的行动准则
3.以儿童发展心理学为研究指南
五、课题研究预期的目标
预期的目标：
1.通过课题研究，促进教师教育观念的进一步转变，努力使口语交际训练落到实处，使农村学生的口语交际话题的选择更为宽泛，对于提高学生的口语交际能力更为有利，全面提高学生素质。
2.探索口语交际话题的内容和策略。
3.通过课题研究，提高课题组成员的教育理论水平和研究能力，活跃我校口语教学的研究并形成特色。
六、研究的方法
1.行动研究法：根据学生的口语交际训练情况，适当调整课题研究，以便科学地进行本课题的研究工作。
2.经验总结法：定期或不定期对实验研究情况进行反思、探讨，及时总结归纳，为形成教科成果积累丰富鲜活的经验材料。
七、课题研究实施步骤
1、制定实施方案。2013年3月——2013年4月：学习理论，选择课题，制定实施方案。
2、探索实验方案。2013年5月——2015年5月：实施研究，搜集资料；整理分析，调整方案。
3、总结成果。2015年5月——2015年7月：探索实验，总结成果，课题总结。
八、预期的研究成果
教师在实施新课程的理念下，通过实质性操作和实践研究，总结经验，撰写的关于发展学生口语交际能力训练的典型案例，教学反思，教研论文，以及各年段实验教师开展的课题展示课，以此提高教师的教育教研水平。
篇（9）
一、小学低年级语文教学中口语交际能力培养现状
（一）师生都不具备正确的口语交际能力培养观念
在2011年版的语文课程标准中就确立了交际教学的总目标，但是实际情况却是小学生的口语交际能力培养并没有取得明显的效果。这是因为通常情况下，小学语文考试试卷上都不会直接出现和口语交际方面相关的内容，因此教师会将大量的时间安排给考试内容的学习，口语交际的教学基本上形同虚设。另外，还有部分教师偏面的认为口语交际训练是要在专门的口语交际课上进行，阅读教学的重点应该是字词的讲解和文章的理解。所以，我们急需更新口语交际能力的培养观念。
（二）关于口语交际能力的培养不具备有效的手段
怎样在阅读的课堂上对学生进行口语交际训练是现在许多教师都在思考的问题，在小学语文阅读教学中，教师通常都会运用朗读、复述等的方式训练学生的口语交际能力。虽然说这样的方式可以达到训练学生听说能力的目的，但是此方式并不适用，交际性不强。究其根本，还是因为大部分教师对训练口语交际的方式并不了解，更不用谈及其使用情况，这成为导致学生对口语交际缺乏兴趣的重要原因之一。
（三）缺乏行之有效的评r
对于口语交际评价，2011版语文课程标准中已有过规定，需要注重提升学生对口语交际的认识与表达沟通的水平，考察口语交际水平的基本项目包括即席讲话、主题演讲以及问题讨论等。但是，就目前而言，小学语文考试中只是比较注重对字音字形的掌握、阅读理解能力和写作能力等的考察，对口语交际能力的评价通常都比较随意，很缺乏一定标准的口头评价。这是因为大部分的教师都认为这项能力考试中不考，而且学生的母语就是汉语，不用费神去学，实际教学中教师怕教、学生厌学的现象很明显。
二、小学低年级语文教学中口语交际能力培养策略
（一）转变观念，重视阅读教学中口语交际能力的培养
1.一定要转变为考试而教的观念。“看拼音写词语”、“写出近义词反义词”、“阅读理解”等是小学语文试卷中常见的题型，因为试题中重点考查的是字形、字音、字义的掌握和对句子、文章的理解，所以通常情况下都不会直接出现考查口语交际方面的内容。所以，教师在阅读教学过程中会下意识地大幅度缩减口语交际训练的内容，甚至有的教师会将焦点全部放在字词的讲解和文章的理解上，基本上对口语交际教学保持的是忽略的态度。
2.改变之前分模块教学的观念。在小学语文教材中，每个单元的《语文园地》中都有专门的“口语交际”内容，这导致不少语文教师都认为口语交际训练只是局限在口语交际课上，和阅读教学没有什么密切的联系。因此，在语文阅读教学中经常可以出现这样的情况：教师仅仅关注词语、句子的讲解和段落大意以及中心思想的归纳，通常情况下是教师讲得绘声绘色，学生却听得无精打采，总结整个阅读教学过程即教师单方面在唱着“独角戏”。这样的教学观念是不可取的。在语文阅读教学中，教师要积极引导学生认真思考问题，而且还要给他们营造相互交流、讨论的环境，鼓励学生提出自己的想法。学生在讨论交流、提出观点的过程中口语交际能力也能得到充分的锻炼。
（二）探索并丰富口语交际能力培养的途径
1.情景对话、表演。小学语文教材中有许多的对话内容，因为教材中收集的都是童真童趣的文章，无论是童话还是寓言故事都是有人物或者是拟人化的角色活动的。教师可以依托文本，创设出情境，让学生扮演其中的角色，分小组进行模拟对话训练，确保学生能够在模拟对话的过程中，受到典范语言的影响。长期坚持下去，可以帮助学生实现语言的感悟、内化和迁移，自身的语言感知和运用能力也可以增强。
2.讨论辩论。教师在小学语文阅读教学中要巧设“讨论环节”，鼓励发言者要将自己的个人观点清晰地呈现给小组的其他成员，小组的剩余成员还可以在发言者阐述观点的基础上提出自己的看法和观点，无论是赞成的还是反对的都能促进学生的进步，循序渐进，不断增强学生的口语交际能力。
（三）采取有效的评价措施
运用笔试法和口试法相结合的方式。为了更好地保证小学语文阅读教学中口语交际能力培养的全面真实进行，我们可以在教学中采用笔试法和口试法相结合的方式，确保我们的评价能够起到其本该有的作用。对于笔试的设计，首先可以引起师生对口语交际训练的重视，下意识地在教学中增加口语交际训练的比重;其次，可以从知识和技能的角度对学生的口语交际水平进行考查。口试主要是对学生基本倾听、表达和交流能力的考察，方式比较多，常见的有问答法、复述法、看图说话等等，通过这些方法教师可以当面对学生的口语交际水平进行考查。
篇（10）
【论文摘要】《语文课程标准》指出：“口语交际能力是现代公民的必备能力。应培养学生倾听、表达和应对能力，使学生具有文明和谐地进行人际交流的素养。”同时，对低年级学生口语交际能力做出了相应的要求：能认真听别人讲话，较完整地进行讲述，会与别人交流。因此，笔者结合自己教学经验，就低年级学生口语交际教学谈谈自己的看法。
一、在教学过程中创造情景，激发口语交际兴趣
“燃起学生的渴望和学习热情”是提高教学质量的先决条件，因此，首先要注意提高低年级学生口头表达训练兴趣的培养。作为老师，应在课内外创设形式多样的交际情景，让学生无拘无束地进行口语交际，这是激发学生口语交际兴趣和欲望的有效途径。我们的主要做法是切实开展好口语交际活动课和语文教学实践课，使学生在快乐的活动中合作交流，在轻松的语境中“主动积极地进行口语交际。”例如，在口语交际课中教学生如何问路，我们指定一个从大家熟悉的地点到学校怎么走的问路情景，我们将学生分成两组，让一组学生扮演问路人，另一组扮演指路人，让学生模仿表演。这种富有语言实践性的活动课，不仅激发了学生语言的思维，而且更重要的是能激发起交际的兴趣。
二、尊重低年级学生的表达意愿和认知规律，多赏识学生
我们在对低年级学生的训练过程中一定要尊重低年级学生的表达意愿和认知规律，因为低年级学生在年龄、心理、认识等方面都处在不断成长不断进步的阶段，他们表达出来的一些想法和对事物的认识可能存在着这样那样的不足，教师要尊重学生的认知规律，不苛求学生对事物的认识达到完美状态。老师要允许学生发表自己的看法，要允许学生在认识上存在不足。
在课堂上对于学生的发言，笔者都给予肯定、表扬或奖励，即使说得不好的，笔者也不训斥，以免挫伤学生的积极性。“你说得真棒！”“你的声音真响亮！”“你说得生动极了！”“你还会用这个词真不简单！”“你能一下说这么多，真厉害！”这些话都是我上课常挂在嘴边的，小五星、大红花、卡通图片等小礼物更是我常奖励给学生的，学生们听到表扬，看到奖励，十分高兴，觉得和同学、老师交流是一件容易的事情，都十分喜欢口语交际课，对于学生说得特别好的，我会请他到台前说给大家听，并向大家介绍经验等等，这样就充分调动了学生表达的积极性。
三、课外延伸，拓展交流空间
口语交际训练不要局限于课堂，还应向课外延伸，要在真正的生活情景这个“大课堂”中开展起来。例如，在春季与学生们一起讨论《春天》时，我们会事先布置下任务，让学生在家长的带领下去观察春天，观察后再让学生们到课堂上说一说。课堂上，学生们有的说：“春天到了，农民正在忙着播种。”有的说：“春天到了，到处鲜花盛天，小草长出新芽！”有的说：“春天到了，天气越来越暖和。”还有的发出：“啊！春天真是美不胜收！”的感叹。这样，学生观察到的多了，亲身感受多了，说话能力也会相应地得到提高。
四、引导评议，发展语言
在口语交际训练过程中，我们老师要经常引导学生根据口语交际的要求进行评议，听听同学是否把话说清楚、明白了。如果不清楚，那该怎么说。让学生在同伴的评议过程中规范语言，学会如何把话讲得更清楚、更明白。由于让学生参与评议，会促使他们更认真地倾听别人的发言，并判断正误、优劣，或肯定赞扬，欣赏别人的优点，或质疑争论，对别人提出建议和批评；也能促进学生思维的发展和口语交际能力的提高。
例如，《如何打电话》一课，我先创造个情景：今天是妈妈的生日，我要求学生打个电话祝妈妈生日快乐，接着就是我扮演妈妈和学生进行模拟表演。在我的带头示范下，学生马上都来了劲，争相上台表演的两组同学也能很好地运用一些礼貌用语，于是我将学生分成了几个小组，他们也可自由选择，可与组内同学进行，也可以与老师直接通话。这样边说边表演，同时同学之间互相自由议论等，在这种互动中，既增强了言语表达能力，又锻炼了思维，提高了应变能力。
篇（11）
2l世纪是一个有强烈交往意识、信息万变的世纪,交际活动是21世纪人的最基本、最经常的社会实践活动。口语交际能力则是每个公民必备的能力。中职语文教学的主要目标任务是培养学生的听、说、读、写能力。现行的《语文教学大纲》和《语文课程标准》都把口语交际能力训练列入了课程教学主要目标之一,明确指出必须提高学生的口语交际能力。然而长期以来,在具体的教学过程中,往往重读、写,轻听、说。且中职生文化底子薄,较自卑又缺乏锻炼,口语交际能力普遍低下。如何行之有效地提高学生的口语交际能力,对学生的自身发展及素质教育的实施显得至关重要。
美国教育学家华特•科勒涅斯说:“语文学习的外延和生活的外延相等。”口语交际训练源自生活,更是生活中的一部分。当下,流行文化辐射到社会生活的各个领域,要在中职口语交际课堂上引入日常生活内容,流行文化是一个不能回避的领域。
流行文化就是具有流行性特征的文化现象。它以势不可挡的力量渗透到生活的各个领域,成为社会文化生活中一道异彩纷呈的靓丽风景。然而,受传统课程文化观、课程资源观的影响,流行文化只能作为一种并不显眼的文化背景被偶尔涉及或注意,较少堂而皇之的进入语文课程和教师的视野。本文试打破囿于学校本位的陈陋观念,阐述中职口语交际教学对流行文化的开发策略。
一、搜集时尚素材,丰富教学内容
教材虽然为我们提供了教学样本,但仅仅依靠教材中的口语交际内容进行教学,是远远不够的。要使口语交际训练持续有效,更重要的是要储备大量的口语交际知识与素材,进行素材准备和资源整合,丰富、充实教材内容,才能为教学带来生机与活力。因此,教师不应该拘泥于课本的既定教学内容,生硬地“教教材”,要拓展视野,多渠道收集素材,并进行选择加工,精心设计教案,使口语交际教学成为一个开放、动态的过程。口语交际本来就与流行文化息息相关,流行文化中处处可见鲜活、生动的教材。
现在的图书市场上关于口语交际的流行书籍很多,专著如《卡耐基日程训练》、《言语交际指南》、《世界上最伟大的推销员》、《社交礼仪大全》、《思维与智慧》、《口才成功方法全书》等书籍中的材料,既有口语交际理论知识,又有鲜明生动的案例,可作为很好的教学参考材料。如《口才成功方法全书》中列举了“如何把握好说话的分寸”、“随机应变的说话艺术”、“掌握谈判的要领”、“做一个成功的会议主持人”、“积极利用你的身体语言”、“成功心理素质培养”等专题,既可作为教学素材,也可作为学生课外阅读读物,对培养学生的学习兴趣大有裨益。
视听材料如“焦点访谈”、“实话实说”、“艺术人生”等电视节目中的精彩片段,电视中的辩论赛现场,广播中的经典播音片段,《雷雨》、《简•爱》等精彩影视对白――这些视听材料形象直观,感染性强,可以作为口语交际教学的辅助材料。
另外,网络也是口语交际教学素材搜集的良好途径,通过网络搜集素材简单便捷。同时,现代社会是一个网络时代,学生对网络也非常关注,甚至有大部分的课余时间是在电脑前度过的,网络语言经常成为生活中的流行用语。要贴近学生的学习生活,把握他们的心理特点,经常浏览网络,把握时代脉搏非常必要。如在《情境口语巧妙提问》的教学中,我引用了当时的网络热议问题“易中天‘发飙’”作为教学导入并贯穿课堂教学,引起了学生的极大兴趣,在学生热烈的讨论和教师点拨中得出了巧妙提问的技巧:做足功课、温和谦恭、适可而止、因人而异等。
二、营造真实情境,激发学生兴趣
口语交际能力的培养要从兴趣,情感的激活入手,扫除心理障碍,培养学生的表现欲,要真正解放学生的思想,让学生敢于、乐于与人交往,做到有话好说。口语交际是在特定的环境里产生的言语活动。特定的环境为口语交际训练提供了场合、对象、目的等具体条件,从而使学生进行真实的交际行为,取得事半功倍的训练效果,离开了“特定的环境”就无法进行言语交际活动。因此,针对学生对流行文化的近距离亲近,表现出来的热衷与喜欢,我们可以很好地巧用流行文化资源为其设计具有真实性、现实性、趣味性和可操作性的情境。我曾给学生布置每课“练口”,当我报出题目为“我最喜爱的“××星”时,学生由原来的没劲、“哀叹”变得兴奋、跃跃欲试起来。我套用了人际学上一个重要技巧:要消除对立矛盾,须先赞同他,理解他,消除对方的敌意和戒备,继而使对方接受自己的观点。我知道他们所谈的无非是一些歌星、影星、体育明星,无论大陆、港台还是欧美,这些我都早已了然于胸。当他们面露得意地讲完后,却发现我的补充更为翔实,我的点评更为深刻,使他们有了别样的收获。渐渐地,他们的“练口”中出现了一些古今中外的经典作家,尽管理解尚浅显,却在努力着。
三、利用教育媒介,提高综合素质
影视资源、音像资料等是以声、影、像于一身的流行文化作为素质教育的载体。不但深受学生的喜爱,而且能促进学生综合素质的发展。学生在看的同时,他们的听觉、视觉都参与了大脑的活动。在语文教学中,听说能力是基础。听是对语言的吸收,说是对语言的表达,而学生在观看的同时,也促使了学生对语言信息的吸收――储存――提取――表达的心理过程。而影视资源、音像资料等正是由一幅幅美丽的画面,动听的音乐、鲜活的人物、感人的故事情节、丰富的知识组合而成,学生始终置身于色彩斑斓、声像同步情感丰富的教学环境中,让学生运用各种感观去感受事物,口语教学焕发勃勃生机。如播放经典影视对白或相声小品,让学生模仿其中情节进行表演或复述,学生兴趣盎然,收效显著;又如放映热播的影视片断,引导学生口述观看的节目、精彩片段或观看后的感想,学生更是妙语连珠;还可创设情景,引导学生展开丰富的想象,培养和发展他们创造性说话的能力。形式大概有以下几种:①续讲故事。看幻灯投影故事的主要情节,想象故事的开头,续编故事的经过和结尾。②想象配音。看图片或配乐录像,引导观察人物或动物的动作表情,然后根据所看到的给录像人物配音或用生动的话语描述故事内容。③听音乐,编故事。放一段优美的音乐,让学生想象乐曲所表达的情景。并将这些情景编成故事,说给大家听。
利用教育媒介的多功能作用创设口语训练的环境,进行口语训练,能够激起学生的表达欲望,使学生主动学习,在轻松愉快中提高口语水平,巩固说话能力,创造性思维也得到更好的培养和发挥。
四、增加实践,培养学生思辨力
较之于以往“听”、“说”偏重于静态教学,“口语交际教学”更偏重于在动态中发展学生的即时性和现场性口语能力――这就是“交际”一词所包含的特定内涵,因此,我们视之为消失了距离感、时间感,撤去了人格面具而直面世界之能力。这种能力的提高离不开教学实践活动。
1.场景模拟训练
口语交际教学必须与学生今后的工作与生活紧密结合,因此,在口语训练中巧妙运用流行文化形式渗透专业知识,能有效激发学习动机,调动学生学习的积极性。如针对市场营销专业,我们在口语交际中可以“采访”的形式对学生用品消费趋向、城市和农村不同消费观念进行市场调查等,要求学生在调查采访中语气诚恳、切入点准确;文秘专业可以进行日常接待、接听电话、上传下达类工作的“表演”,要求其语言表达得体大方,把握好热情迎客、亲切交谈、礼貌送客几个环节;旅游专业可利用多媒体展示旅游景点的一系列图片,教师简单讲解后,让学生以导游的身份出现,其他学生扮作游客,用“景点导游”的方式组织课堂活动,使之融合口语交际练习和导游介绍的共同特点;电子商务专业可让学生为自己的商品做“口头广告”,引领学生在广告词的创作中得到创意的升华和语言亮度的点拨。
2.开展口语专题活动
鼓励学生大胆质疑并说出自己的独特见解,培养他们的创新精神、求异思维。我们可以结合学生对流行文化的喜爱趋向,对其设计一些专题活动,来达到此目的。如:
即席发言:
(1)请跟我来――我的偶像我介绍。
(2)我来说两句――精彩广告语。
(3)练普通话――新闻播报、流行歌曲歌词朗读。
辩论会:
(1)上网利大于弊还是弊大于利。
(2)流行歌曲歌词的审美意蕴能否盖过古典诗词。
演讲讨论:
(1)流行文化vs经典名著(鲁迅vs金庸)。
(2)明星是怎样炼成的。
(3)“超级女声”为什么盖过了“梦想中国”“星光大道”“莱卡我型我秀”?
模拟主持:
(1)玉树地震灾区的现场做现场报道。
(2)以“我爱世界杯”为话题,主持一档娱乐节目。
此外,“PK”竞赛也不失为学生喜闻乐见的一种游戏训练形式。本人有感于近几年电视上流行的“超级女声”、“快乐男声”等娱乐节目中的竞赛淘汰方式,将之运用到课堂,分组在两个学生之间展开。先由一位学生自告奋勇朗读一段老师指定的文字,再由他向班上任何一位同学发起挑战,被挑战的同学重复读一遍,最后学生和老师共同评判,发音稍差的一位要给大家表演一个节目。这种形式生动活泼,调动了绝大多数学生学习普通话的竞争积极性,也颇受学生的欢迎。
这些活动不仅培养了学生的表达能力、思维能力,而且提高了学生对社会、对生活的认识能力,引导学生关注社会、关注人生。另一方面,引导学生充分认识流行文化的“造梦”性特点,让学生在“从众”、“追梦”当中分清良莠,明白“虚构”与“真实”。例如,流行文化中存在的错误的价值观、金钱观、畸形的人生追求、态度,在专题活动中作为反面的比照对象,对健康的、正常的思想进行正面引导,培养学生审美的眼光和健全的人格。
提高中职生的口语交际能力,无论对学生个人还是社会发展都是一件非常重要的事情。但由于种种原因,在我国的中职语文教育中,口语交际教学仍是最薄弱的环节。充分利用好流行文化这一丰富的资源,让口语交际教学回归生活,不失为提高学生的口语交际能力,实现教学质量的飞跃的可行途径。
参考文献:
[1]缪冬蕊.中职学生语文口语交际能力培养研究.东北师范大学硕士学位论文,2009,12.
[2]张瑛男.中职学校口语交际训练探究.辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文,2008,6.
