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从当前制度设计上看,我国初步形成了较全面的多层次的医疗保险体系,构建了较完备的医疗保障框架,低保群体“看病难、看病贵”问题得到一定程度的缓解。硕士论文,医疗保障。但在实践过程中,低保群体最容易滑入医疗“贫困陷阱”,“因病致贫、因病返贫”现象也是屡见不鲜。硕士论文,医疗保障。
一、低保群体医疗保险的基本状况及分析
现以丰城市原始调研数据为依据,分析我国低保群体的基本状况及低保群体医疗保障体系中存在的问题。
1.调查基本情况与初步分析
我们共调查了丰城市100户低保家庭,城市和农村各50户。(1)年龄结构:低保群体多数是中老年人,60岁以上高达38%。说明低保群体老龄化问题相当严重,给国家带来低保救济和老人供养的双重压力。硕士论文,医疗保障。硕士论文,医疗保障。(2)致贫原因:致使他们成为低保户的原因,主要是常年性的低收入;其次是其他原因,如家庭主劳动力早逝、下岗、家园遭受自然灾害等;然后是多年重病和伤残。(3)月人均收入:低保户的月人均收入主要在100至300元之间,其中大部分来自政府发放的低保金及子女给予的赡养费。然而,这只能维持他们的基本生活,若遇到疾病风险,他们将陷入巨大困境,甚至失去基本的生活保障。(4)年人均医疗费用:在100户被调查低保户中,有一半以上的被调查者的年平均医疗费用在500元左右,超过四分之一的被调查者的年平均医疗费用超过1000元,其中有三户超过5000元以上。
2.存在的问题:(1)医疗费用报销比例低,难以解决低保群体“看病贵”的问题。在调查的100户中,平均每年的医疗费用支出在1000元左右,而这些医疗费用支出是在城镇基本医疗保险、新农合和城乡疗救助报销之外的。据被调查的低保户反映,其医疗费用的报销比例在40%~60%之间。对于大部分的低保户来说,这部分报销之外的医疗费用是一个沉重的负担,占其生活总支出的35%以上。(2)报销范围过小,只能在定点医院才能报销。报销医疗费用的范围仅仅局限于国家规定的医药目录,很多疾病的相关治疗药物被排除在报销范围之外。低保户普遍反映不住院就不能报销医疗费用,而住院各项医疗费用又比外面一些诊所贵,即使报销了一些费用也不划算。在丰城,定点医院偏少,仅有丰城市人民医院、丰城市中医院以及丰城市红十字会医院三家是医疗保险定点医院,对于地理位置相对偏僻的地方,特别是农村地区来说,“看病难”问题十分突出。硕士论文,医疗保障。(3)报销手续过于繁杂,报销花费时间过长。调查发现,低保户对现行医疗保险体制不满意的一个主要原因是手续太多、程序太繁,他们希望政府能简化手续,减少程序。比如,丰城市的医疗救助首先要向居(村)委会申请,然后通过乡镇、县市民政以及医保、新农合等相关部门的审核,手续繁琐,审批时间长达一个多月。
二、政府为低保群体采购商业医保的政策设计
1.模式借鉴:(1)江苏江阴模式:自01年起江阴的农村医保就由太平洋保险公司江阴支行管理,实行27元保费,2万元补偿的方案,太保可以从医保基金中提取10%的管理费,征缴、管理、监督三权分立。(2)河南新乡模式:自04年起河南新乡的新农合作就委托中国人寿保险公司新乡分公司管理,当时国寿提取的管理费为保费的1%,07年为2%。2008年新乡开始将城镇居民和职工基本医保委托给寿保公司经办或部分经办。
2.政策设计及建议:(1)政府通过招标方式引入商保竞争机制,与实力雄厚,专业化水平高的保险公司合作,将低保群体的医疗保险循序渐进地委托给商保公司管理,由商保公司根据各地的实际情况采集原始数据并通过精算确定保费率及补偿额。(2)实行“征、管、监”分离制度,政府负责医保方案制定和出台相关政策等工作;民政部门负责资金筹集,向保险公司支付保费和监督等工作;保险公司以第三方管理者的身份,受托承办低保群体医保运行管理中的报销,结算和审核等工作。(3)政府规定保险公司可以从医保基金中提取1%—10%的管理费用,具体比例由各地根据实际情况确定。(4)政府将低保群体的医保基金划拨到保险公司专项账户,采用信托方式运作,实现医保基金和政府其他资金的有效隔离。保险公司按照收支两条线统一管理,实现专项资金和分公司其他费用分开核算。
三、政府为低保群体采购商业医保的政策论证
1.政策成本分析:09年我国低保总人数为7107万人,根据丰城市的调查数据,低保户期望的医疗费用报销比例为80%,每人平均每年医疗费用支出约为1000元,则
总成本:71.07亿元
低保户期望报销额:56.856亿元(71.07×80%)。
其中:城镇基本医保和新农合负担额:28.428亿元(56.856×50%)(50%为全国平均水平)
其他补充,如城乡医疗救助等负担额:17.0568亿元(56.856×30%)
商业医保负担额:11.3712亿元(56.856×20%)
即政府实行为低保群体采购商业医保的政策,共需筹集资金11.3712亿元,此即为其政策成本。
2.政府财政可承受性分析
低保户自缴保费:0.94547亿元(城市2347.7万人×20元/人=0.46954亿元;农村4759.3万人×10元/人=0.47593亿元)。
政府因引入为低保群体采购商业医保政策后,可以精简政府机构,减少工作人员,节省财政经费:按河南新乡模式,工作人员由544人减少到50人,财政经费由千万以上较少到不过150万元,可测算节省额至少有2亿元。
政府因引入为低保群体采购商业医保政策后,可以降低不合理的医疗费用支出:按江苏江阴模式,不合理的医疗费用从一般水平的30%下降到了15%,可以测算节省额至少有1千万元。
其他,如社会慈善捐助:1亿元。硕士论文,医疗保障。
则政府财政还需负担7.32573亿元。
可设计,中央财政负担60%:4.395438亿元;地方财政(省级)负担40%:2.930292亿元。
《医药卫生体制改革近期重点实施方案(2009—2011年)》测算2009—2011年各级政府投入8500亿元。因而政府因引入为低保群体采购商业医保政策后由政府财政负担的7.32573亿元,可以得到确实保障。
参考文献:
企业管理思想进步到当下的阶段,很难想象一家没有上马企业资源计划ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning)或SAP(Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing)的公司是如何将物资资源管理(物流)、人力资源管理(人流)、财务资源管理(现金流)、信息资源管理(信息流)等集成一体化,进而推进生产、营销、供应、人力、资金等业务互相融合而顺畅运转的。当今企业在信息化方面面临的问题不是争论ERP的必要性,也不是讨论ERP的可行性,而是纠结于对ERP产生的海量数据如何进行进一步的收集、加工、处理。因为收集的数据多到无法甄别哪些是对决策有效的。
企业建立一套旨在全方位提升管理广度和深度的管理信息系统是必需的:利用统一规划的数据集成,以全面预算为主导,以产品生命周期管理为核心,以资金为主线,整合财务、人事、营销、科研、生产等管理职能,重组优化业务流程,连接信息孤岛,建立关键内部控制点,极大改善组织内部的信息不对称,大幅降低管理成本,有效地防范和控制风险。但是,国内应用现状是大部分企业正在运行的管理信息系统主要功能仍旧停留在处理大量的日常业务流程上,仅实现了中层管理的功能,并未上升到支持决策的高度。本文尝试通过对决策支持系统(Decision Support System,以下简称“DSS”)运行原理、特点和功能的阐述,结合企业实际,充分利用已成熟运行的通用ERP并以此为基础,模拟建立DSS的实施方案。
一、DSS的原理、特点和功能
20世纪70年代中期,美国麻省理工学院的米切尔・S・斯科特(Michael S.Scott)和彼德・G・W・基恩(Peter G.W.Keen)首次提出了“DSS”一词。DSS通过数据、模型和知识,以人机交互方式进行半结构化或非结构化决策的计算机应用系统,为决策者提供分析问题、建立模型、模拟决策过程和方案的环境,调用各种信息资源和分析辅助决策工具,帮助决策者提高决策水平和质量(张茜,2006)。DSS是管理信息系统(Management Information System,MIS)向更高一级的发展,标志着利用计算机与信息支持决策的研究与应用进入了崭新的阶段,并形成了决策支持系统新学科(王剑东,2003;万林,2008)。
DSS的特点体现在:(1)DSS的交互性表现在通过管理者同系统之间的多次对话,使决策得以完成;(2)DSS解决的问题属于半结构化或非结构化问题;(3)系统具有专门的结构存储和研究备用的模型及方法,提供模型的比较、联结和合成的功能;(4)DSS只是起辅助决策的作用,并不完全取代管理者的判断,应当让管理者处于主动地位;(5)DSS应当便于学习、使用和修改,因而要对用户的需求进行动态性的分析,做到及时完善DSS的各种功能(迟殿委,2008;徐强,2008)。DSS的应用原理体现了决策支持系统本质的演变:DSS初期是利用数据资料(数据库DB) 和模型资源(模型库MB)支持决策,发展到IDSS利用知识资源 (方法库MEB)和模型资源(模型库MB)结合支持决策,再到利用数据资源(数据仓库DW)支持决策。这样,决策支持系统概念就更明确为:针对决策问题,利用决策资源(数据、模型、知识等)(侯少然,2010)进行组合和集成,建立解决方案;通过方案的模型计算、知识推理、多维数据分析以及方案的修改,逐步逼近解决决策问题的系统。
数据资源(数据库与数据仓库)、模型资源和知识资源在网络上都是共享资源。决策支持系统就在于如何有效地利用这些决策资源,针对决策问题,把决策资源有机地组合成解决方案,既可以建立多个方案,又可以修改方案,再通过大量的计算或推理,最终达到支持决策的效果(张胤杰,2009)。DSS所实现的功能主要表现在:(1)管理并随时提供与决策问题有关的组织内部和外部消息;(2)收集、管理并提供各项决策方案执行情况的反馈信息,例如订货单、合同执行进程、物料供应计划的落实情况、生产计划的完成情况等;(3)能以一定的方式存储和管理与决策问题有关的各种数学模型,例如定价模型、库存控制模型与生产调度模型等;(4)能够存储并提供常用的数学方法(张世芳,2006),例如回归分析方法、线性规划、最短路径法等;(5)数据、模型与方法能容易地修改和添加,例如数据模式的变更、模型的连接或修改、算法的修改等(王剑东,2003;孙艳胜,2007);(6)具有方便的人机对话和图像输出功能,能满足随机的数据查询要求,回答“if…what…”之类的问题(冯罡,2003;孙艳胜,2007)。
二、DSS的总体框架和表现方式
DSS的总体框架是:将来源于不同子系统、不同管理软件的数据收集于数据集成平台或数据仓库,选取各项决策分析主题的关键指标,注入事先建立的数学模型,最终生成可进行人机对话、不断修改决策变量的结果。其系统规划包含以下几个方面:
1.数据来源:可读取多种格式(如Excel、Access、以Tab分割的txt和固定长的txt等)的文件,同时可读取关系型数据库 (对应ODBC)中的数据。使用报表管理平台进行所需数据报表的上传收集,财务数据来源于财务核算软件,经营和项目数据来源于合同管理、PDM产品设计、生产作业管理软件等,人力资源数据来源于人员信息、薪酬统计软件等,其他未能进入系统的数据可考虑通过平面文件的形式进行采集。通过数据整合平台建立数据仓库,装载来源于各个系统的数据,包括历史数据的一次性装入、日常发生数据的定时抽取。
2.分析主题:构成决策支持系统的重要分析内容,按照管理者的思维逻辑建立跨流程、跨职能的主题和分析路径,对重要经营管理问题和要素进行深入分析,及时发现影响企业经营和管理的问题所在。考虑初步建立财务主题、营销主题、项目主题、关键指标等几部分。
3.决策模型:决策模型是决策支持系统的重要分析基础,为企业管理者提供辅助决策的科学管理工具,包括成本预算模拟、现金流模拟预测、盈利模拟预测等。
4.门户表示:是专门为企业管理者和决策者设计的观察企业的窗口,提供整个决策支持系统的展示界面,包括智能分析、模拟预测、绩效管理等多种展现形式与门户集成。所需要的输出被显示出来时,进行定型登录,自动将所要的列表、视图和图表显示出来。
三、DSS的财务实施方案
DSS的财务主题部分是本文讨论的重点,其实施方案立足于从时间跨度(年度、季度、月度)、项目类型(研究、开发、制造)、决策深度(作业层、战术层、战略层)等不同维度进行趋势分析、结构分析、因素分析,通过这样一个路径完成由低端财务分析向高端辅助决策支持的过渡。实施方案的对象包括:收入成本分析(收入构成、趋势、预算执行、费用趋势、费用构成等)、利润分析(利润因素、敏感性)、资金分析(资金协调性、贷款、融资成本)和综合评价(经营指标考核、五能力综合评价)。
实施方案必须注入以下因子:分析范围(集团内部关联方、集团外部竞争对手、国外竞争对手等);分析角度(全周期项目预算、年度财务预算、市场经营预测、人力资源投入等);分析指标(绝对数、相对数,横向比较、纵向比较);数据来源;分析周期;分析内容。
四、财务决策模型的导入
决策支持系统财务应用的最终目的聚焦在综合评价,无论是讨论重大项目的取舍还是辅助企业的整体决策,主要包括两部分内容:经营指标考核和五能力综合评价。
目前大部分企业对财务管理软件的使用,依旧停留在账务处理阶段,软件本身对收集的数据不加工、不处理、不分析。如果从最基础的财务指标分析入手进行适当改进,那么对于决策层而言可增强财务数据的可理解性和拓展性,对于财务人员而言可提高操作的可行性,都是受益匪浅的。财务分析包括盈利能力(收益力,总资产报酬率、净资产收益率、主营业务利润率、销售净利润率、成本费用利润率)、偿债能力(安定力,流动比率、速动比率、资产负债率、利息保障倍数、所有者(股东)权益比率)、运营能力(活动力,总资产周转率、固定资产周转率、流动资产周转率、应收账款周转率、存货周转率)、发展能力(成长力,主营业务收入增长率、资本积累率、总资产增长率)和生产能力(生产力,人均主营业务收入、人均净利润、人均资产总额)五部分(即五力),通常以完整、真实、及时的财务数据为起点,借助不同的财务指标进行诠释。大部分企业通过对正在运行的财务管理信息系统进行适当的改进,就足以在完成指标计算的基础上提供简单的财务分析报告。
计算完成后,进一步引入由哈佛大学商学院迈克尔・波特(Michael Porter)于1979年提出的,现今被广泛应用于全球企业竞争战略决策的五力模型,该五力模型对决策层更加清晰、透彻地了解企业的经营业绩和发展前景的帮助是显著的。
综上所述,决策支持系统作为新兴的信息技术,能够为企业提供各类决策信息以及许多商业问题的解决方案,从而减轻了管理者从事低层次信息处理和分析的负担,使得他们专注于更需要决策智慧和行业积累的工作,实现了决策质量和效率的提升(侯少然,2010)。虽然DSS在国内大部分企业的开发与应用依然处于初级阶段,决策本身是复杂的、变化的、综合的,但以ERP为基础对DSS的设计和实现是可行的,成功是可以预见的。
(作者为CPA、会计师、上海财经大学硕士研究生)
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[4] 徐强.企业绿色管理决策影响因素研究[D].大连海事大学硕士论文,2008-03-01.
[5] 冯罡.企业整合管理能力评价和提升[D].北京:沈阳工业大学硕士论文,2003-03-07.
[6] 孙艳胜.基于B超数据心脏病辅助诊断系统[D].长春:吉林大学硕士论文,2007-04-01.
[7] 侯少然.企业物流资源协调优化决策支持系统研究[D].天津大学硕士论文,2010-06-01.
[8] 张茜.公共危机管理系统研究[D].武汉理工大学硕士论文,2006-10-01.
[9] 王剑东.基于C/S结构的备品配件管理系统研究与应用[D].保定:华北电力大学(河北)硕士论文,2003-12-26.
[10] 迟殿委.基于数据挖掘的决策支持系统的研究与实现[D].南昌大学硕士论文,2008-06-30.
在《最高人民法院公报》公布的裁判文书中,以下两个案例最具有代表意义:(一)杨某诉某公司人身损害赔偿纠纷案①。(二)李某诉某公司、某学校人身损害赔偿纠纷案②。人民法院判决认定,在案件(一)中,某公司职工在工作中违规作业,从高处抛掷钢管,将正在现场工作的杨某头部砸伤,导致重度颅脑外伤、外伤性尿崩症等四级伤残。在案件(二)中,实习生李某被实习地的机械设备压伤右手,造成右手第2-5指完全断离,经过治疗,接上了食指和中指,经司法鉴定,其右手伤残等级相当于道路交通事故九级伤残。
二、案件的争议焦点
案件(一):因用人单位以外的第三人造成劳动者人身损害,构成工伤的,劳动者在获得用人单位工伤保险赔偿后,又向侵权人提起人身损害赔偿诉讼,请求判令侵权人承担民事赔偿责任的,是否应当予以支持。案件(二):(1)实习生在实习单位工作中,在工作时间、工作场所因工作原因受到伤害的,自身存在一般性过错,是否能减轻实习单位的赔偿责任;(2)学校应就实习生在实习中的安全和权益依法提供必要的保障,学校未对实习单位尽到必要督促义务的,是否应根据其过错程度对实习生的损害后果承担相应法律责任。
三、劳动关系中人身侵权的认定标准
劳动关系中的人身损害赔偿案件作为一种人身侵权的案件,侵权行为、损害后果、因果关系、行为人的过错都是需要证明和认定的事实。(一)存在侵权行为责任产生的基础是侵权行为,侵权行为既包括因行为人的过错而导致的侵权行为,还包括违反法律规定的义务而产生的责任。因此,侵权行为是指民事主体违反民事义务,侵害他人合法权益,依法应承担民事责任的行为。劳动关系的存在是产生法定责任的前提。在案件(一)中,用人单位以外第三人违规作业是造成杨某受伤的直接原因。在案件(二)中,某公司对李某没有尽到安全保障义务导致李某受伤。(二)当事人存在过错在人身损害赔偿案件中,按照一般侵权赔偿的理论,侵权人承担的是过错责任,即侵权人根据其过错程度来承担相对应的赔偿责任,因此过错认定至关重要。在案件(一)中,某公司职工在工作过程中违规作业,从高处抛掷钢管,将正在现场工作的杨某头部砸伤,导致重度颅脑外伤、外伤性尿崩症等,经鉴定为四级伤残,很明显某公司违规作业,存在过错。在案件(二)中,李某作为具有完全民事行为能力的成年人,又经过相关的专业培训,对设备的操作应具有一定的认知,但是李某没有遵循正确操作规程,在无专业人员陪同下自行更换模具,对损害后果的发生负有一定的过错,并且李某尚在实习期没有独自操作机器的能力,公司应当安排但没有安排师傅在旁指导,因此某公司对李某受伤也存在过错。(三)人身损害结果损害结果,是行为客观上对他人的财产或人身造成的损害。损害结果既包括财产损失,也包括人身损失,如死亡、人身伤害、精神损害等。在案件(一)中,杨某被砸伤头部,导致重度颅脑外伤、外伤性尿崩症等损伤。在案件(二)中,原告李某在更换模具过程中被机器截断其右手第2-5指。(四)因果关系因果关系,即原因在先,结果在后,二者的关系属于引起和被引起的关系,即一种现象在一定条件下必然引起另一种现象的发生,这两种现象之间的联系,就称为因果关系。在案件(一)中,杨某的损害是因为某公司员工的违规作业造成的,很明显受害人的损害与加害人的损害行为存在必然的因果关系。在案件(二)中,李某操作不当受伤,虽然师傅在场也不一定能避免,但与某公司未尽到安全保障义务还是有一定因果关系。
四、赔偿问题
一方当事人签订正式劳动合同,在工作中受到人身侵害,满足工伤条件的既可以请求工伤赔偿,也可以请求第三人赔偿。工伤赔偿,是基于劳动保险关系而产生;而工伤事故又被评价为民事侵权行为,因此就产生了人身侵权损害赔偿法律关系。两种法律关系并存,两种赔偿方式并存,受害人可以一并行使。实习生实习期间受到人身损害的,可以请求实习单位和学校赔偿。实习单位对在其工作场所工作的人员都负有安全保障义务,因此对实习生遭受的损害负有一定的赔偿责任。实习生虽然在实习单位工作但其身份仍然是学生,被学校所管理,是在执行学校的安排,因此学校对实习生的损害也负有一定的责任。
[参考文献]
[1]杨建军.合同履行中的人身侵权及民事责任[J].环球法律评论,2009(1).
[2]姜耀辉.实学生人身伤害的法律保障研究[D].中南大学硕士论文,2013.
2016年招生简章
浙江大学是教育部直属、省部共建的普通高等学校,是首批进入国家“211工程”和“985工程”建设的若干所重点大学之一。浙江大学前身求是书院成立于1897年,为中国人自己最早创办的新式高等学府之一。1952年,在全国高等院校调整时,曾被分为多所单科性学校,部分系科并入兄弟高校。1998年,同根同源的浙江大学、杭州大学、浙江农业大学、浙江医科大学合并组建新的浙江大学。经过一百多年的建设与发展,学校已成为一所基础坚实、实力雄厚,特色鲜明,居于国内一流水平,在国际上有较大影响的研究型、综合型大学。
为帮助在职人员进一步适应国家经济与社会发展、法治建设需要,帮助学员掌握更加坚实的法学理论基础,提高运用法学理论解决实际问题的能力,浙江大学光华法学院决定在学院本部开设宪法学与行政法学、民商法学、经济法学、刑法学、国际法学专业研究生课程班。
一、招生对象与条件
参加同等学力申请硕士学位在职研究生班学习的在职人员,需符合下列条件与要求:
1. 坚持四项基本原则,热爱祖国,遵纪守法,品行端正,身体健康;
2. 具有本科及以上学历, 欲申请硕士学位者需在取得学士学位满一年后方可报名。
二、报名方式及时间
1. 报名时间:即日起报名,每班人数为60名;
2. 报名地点:浙江大学光华法学院2号楼112室(杭州市之江路51号),邮编:310008;
3. 报名时应当提交下列材料:(1)学历证书、学士学位证书原件及复印件各1份;(2)1寸免冠照片和2寸免冠照片各2张;(3)报名登记表(需加盖单位公章)。
4.上课地点:a,、杭州市之江路51号浙江大学之江校区 (杭州班)
b、温州市浙江工贸学院1号楼(温州班)
三、录取事项
1. 录取审查:由浙江大学光华法学院和浙江大学研究生院共同进行录取资格审查;
2. 正式录取及学费收取:凡审查合格者,发入学交费通知。学员依据通知规定,入学前完成交费。
四、学习年限及收费
1. 学习年限两年。按规定学时面授,充分利用在职人员业余时间;
2. 学费:21000元,资料费1000元。(民商法学方向)
学费:21000元,资料费1000元。(公司与金融法方向)
学费:21000元,资料费1000元。(刑法学方向)
学费:21000元,资料费1000元。(经济法学方向)
五、主要专业方向及课程
民商法学:法学前沿(含刑事法学)、民法总论、债权法学、商法学(金融法、票据法、公司法、保险法等)、民事诉讼与仲裁法、国际法学、硕士生英语、民商法专题、民事法律与特别法、法律行为专题、刑事法专题、行政法专题、商事案例研习、服务合同专题、侵权案例研习、票据法专题。
公司与金融法:法学前沿、民法总论、债权法学、商法、金融法、票据法、公司法、股权投资法、证券期货法、保险法、银行法、硕士生英语、投资基金法、信托法、国际金融法、金融刑法、行政法(金融监管)、房地产法、民事诉讼与仲裁、货币金融专题、证券投资专题。
刑法学:法学前沿、硕士生英语、法学方法论、刑法原理、各罪研究、民法总论、国际刑法、证据法学基础理论、犯罪学专题、刑事诉讼法专题、刑事侦查与司法鉴定专题、行政法专题等。
经济法学:法学前沿、硕士生英语、法学方法论、经济法专题、商法专题、行政法专题、民法专题、刑法专题、诉讼法专题、知识产权法研究、金融法研究、国际经济法、劳动法学、环境法研究、财税法、企业法等。
六、结业与学位申请
1. 进修学员按专业培养计划完成课程学习,考核或考试合格,发给浙江大学研究生课程结业证书;
2. 获得浙江大学研究生课程结业证书,具有学士学位并通过全国以同等学力申请硕士学位外语统一考试与法学综合课考试者,通过浙江大学以同等学力申请硕士学位资格审查,进入硕士论文阶段,硕士论文答辩通过,授予浙江大学法学硕士学位。
【联系电话】 010-51656177 010-51651981
【中图分类号】F752
一、服务贸易的定义
服务贸易是一国的法人或自然人在其境内或进入他国境内向其他缔约方提供服务的贸易行为。乌拉圭回合协议把服务贸易描述为:(1)从一缔约方境内向任何其他缔约方提供服务;(2)在一缔约方境内向任何其他缔约方消费者提供服务;(3)一缔约方在其他任何缔约方境内提供服务的商业存在而提供服务;(4)一缔约方的自然人在其他任何缔约方境内提供服务。事实上这里指的是国际服务贸易。服务贸易有四种提供服务的交易方式:跨境交付、境外消费、商业存在和自然人流动。
二、服务贸易的统计依据及范围
我国的服务贸易统计依据的是2012年8月新修订的《国际服务贸易统计制度》,该制度采纳了联合国等六大国际组织共同编著的《国际服务贸易统计手册》中所建议的服务贸易统计基本框架,统计范围主要包括服务进出口统计、外国附属机构服务贸易统计和自然人移动统计三个方面。在具体操作上,以居民与非居民间的服务贸易和通过外国附属机构实现的服务贸易两条主线进行服务贸易统计。而对于自然人移动统计,因其范围难于界定以及可行的统计指标有限,仅作为服务贸易统计的次要组成部分。服务贸易统计类别包括运输服务、旅游服务、通信服务、建筑服务、保险服务、金融服务、计算机和信息服务、专有权利使用费和特许费、咨询、广告宣传费、电影音像、其他商业服务。根据不同服务项目的业务特点,《国际服务贸易统计制度》规定,服务贸易统计数据采集的方法包括全数调查、抽样调查、重点调查、典型调查和科学测算,并利用行政记录等资料进行统计。
三、我国服务贸易现状分析
随着我国改革开放的不断深入,科技发展的不断进步,我国服务贸易发展迅速,新的服务业不断出现,服务项目众多,国际服务贸易交换形式各异,贸易规模迅速扩大,服务贸易在国民经济中的地位和作用日益凸显。本文仅通过服务贸易进出口数据加以分析利用。根据2015年中国商务部和国家外汇管理局的中国服务贸易出口分项目情况统计数据,旅游、运输、其他商业服务一直是中国服务贸易出口的三大主要类别,咨询服务发展较快,2012年起已超过其他商业服务。从服务贸易进出口总量看,2014年中国服务进出口达6 043亿美元,同比增长12.6%,占世界比重6.3%。其中:服务贸易出口2 222亿美元,同比增长7.6%,占世界比重4.6%;服务贸易进口3 821亿美元,同比增长15.8%,占世界比重8.1%。服务贸易进口远远大于出口,逆差1 599亿美元。
服务贸易进出口快速发展,平均增速均达到17.14%。2014年的服务贸易进出口额6 043亿美元与2000年660亿美元相比,增加了5 383亿美元,年平均增速达17.14%。其中:服务贸易出口额2014年2 222亿美元,较2000年301亿美元,增加了1 921亿美元,年均增速达15.34%;服务贸易进口额2014年3 821亿美元,较2000年359亿美元,增加了3 462亿美元,年平均增速达18.40%;服务贸易进口增速大于出口增速3.06个百分点。从服务贸易各类别的增速看,除通信服务为7.04%,其余呈现2位数的增速,其中增速排前三名的是咨询、金融及计算机和信息服务,分别为35.34%、33.33%和30.89%。
(一)长期占据服务贸易主导地位的传统服务贸易格局逐步被打破
中国传统服务业――旅游、运输、建筑和其他商业服务长期是中国服务贸易的重要组成部分,2012年以来,咨询服务的增长速度远远超过了建筑服务和其他商业服务。2012至2014年排在前三位的旅游、运输和咨询服务的进出口总额分别占服务贸易总量的70.18%、69.74%和70.39%,已经打破了传统旅游、运输和建筑服务占主导地位的格局。2012~2014年旅游服务进出口总额分别占服务贸易总量32.3%、33.4%和36.7%,呈逐年增长的态势,主要是受中国居民“出境游”持续升温的影响。
(二)服务贸易进出口逆差不断加大
从服务贸易总量看,进出均快速增长,但服务贸易进口增速大于出口增速,服务贸易进出口连年出现逆差,从2000年的逆差57.1亿美元增加到2014年的1 599亿美元,呈逐年加大态势。特别是从2000年以来,运输、旅游、保险、专有权利使用费和特许费进出口差距加大,进口服务远大于出口。
(三)服务贸易结构不合理
从各服务贸易构成类别来看,进出口总量较大的仍是旅游、运输、建筑这些劳动密集型服务产业,通信、保险、金融、计算机与信息服务、专有权利服务、咨询等技术密集和知识密集的行业,尽管有较高增速,但目前这些行业规模偏小,仍处于较低发展水平。
(四)从服务贸易类别分析,存在发展不平衡现象
2014年与2000年相比,服务贸易进出口总量增加5 383亿美元,其中旅游服务进出口净增加最大为1 923.7亿美元中进口增加1 516.9亿美元,出口增加仅为406.8亿美元;运输服务净增加1 204.3亿美元中进口增加858亿美元,出口增加仅为346.3亿美元,其他像通信、保险、金融、专用权利使用费和特许费、电影音像等均是进口大于出口。只有咨询服务的净增加额中出口425.4亿美元远大于进口256.6亿美元,建筑、计算机和信息服务、广告宣传和其他商业服务的净增加值出口略大于进口。
主要参考文献:
关于财产的分割,包括有形财产和无形财产。有形财产的含义基本上没有争议,关键是无形财产。我国婚姻法第十七条规定了知识产权的收益,当然也应包括对知识产权的分割,其他的无形财产还有股权,债券,票据,保险等,这些也没有争议。还有人认为谋生技能也算是财产[1],应当作为夫妻共同财产进行分割,就未免有些牵强。谋生技能作为一种劳动能力,它依附于人身,并且很难用金钱衡量,用马克思劳动力价值的观点,劳动力是没有价值的[2],它只会在劳动中创造价值。所以,把谋生技能也作为财产进行分割,是对财产范围的不恰当的扩大。
很多人认为夫妻离婚时分割的仅仅是夫妻共同所有的财产[3],我认为不然。诚然,“离婚时,应分清个人财产、夫妻共同财产和家庭共同财产”[4],但是这并不意味着仅仅分割共同财产,因为即使约定夫妻婚后财产各自所有,仍然有家务补偿,分担子女抚养费等问题,也就是说,个人财产在离婚的时候并不必然全属于个人,还有可能分出来给子女或者原来的配偶,不应否认,这也算是对个人财产的分割。所以,结论是,夫妻离婚时分割的不仅仅是夫妻的共同财产,还包括一部分夫妻各自所有的财产。
此外,债务的清偿、子女抚养费的分担、家务补偿、经济帮助和损害赔偿也是财产分割制度的内容,因为这些都涉及到各方最终所分得的财产的数量。我国婚姻法第41条、最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国婚姻法》若干问题的解释(二)第23条,第25条对夫妻债务的清偿进行了规定,确属个人债务的,由个人清偿,共同债务共同连带清偿[5]。婚姻法第37条、第40条、第42条、第46条对离婚后子女抚养费的负担、家务补偿、经济帮助、损害赔偿分别作了规定。限于篇幅,在此不一一分述。
总之,法律和司法解释的有关处理夫妻财产的具体规定,与人民法院处理夫妻财产的原则——男女平等原则、保护妇女儿童的合法权益原则、照顾无过错方原则、尊重当事人意愿原则、保证生产和生活的正常进行原则——一起,构成了我国婚姻法的夫妻离婚后的财产分割制度。
2、我国夫妻离婚后的财产分割制度存在的问题
对我国婚姻法的夫妻离婚后的财产分割制度的内容有了了解后,下面简单探讨一下其中存在的问题。
第一个是照顾无过错方原则的存废问题。照顾无过错方原则,简称照顾原则,很多人赞成保留[5],也有学者主张废除,认为照顾原则没有存在必要[6]。我同意后一种观点,照顾原则应该废除。但与孙若军认为“过错不易确定,照顾原则难以落实”,因而主张废弃该原则不同,本人觉得婚姻法已经规定了离婚损害赔偿制度,有过错方要承担损害赔偿,再保留照顾无过错方原则没有必要。纪要是有过错一方承担损害赔偿,又要在此基础上对另一方进行照顾,也有违公平原则,因为过错者已经承担了赔偿责任,不应再承受更多的不利。
第二个问题是家务补偿制度存在的问题。这一问题在张素华女士“谋生技能作为夫妻共同财产的法理分析”一文中有明确论述,即婚姻法第40条家务补偿的限定条件是“夫妻书面约定婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产归各自所有”,在此情形下才能要求家务补偿,“如果双方约定仅针对婚前财产,或者约定婚后财产为共同所有的,则不适用该条的规定”[7]。张素华认为这样的限定是不合理的,“该条件的限制使得夫妻一方很难行使家务补偿权”[8]。本人同意这种观点。
结论
通过以上论述可以看出,我国婚姻法关于夫妻离婚后的财产分割的规定是比较完善的,并且可以构成一个系统的离婚财产分割制度。但是,这一制度中也存在着问题,存在着争论。
参考文献:
[1]张素华,谋生技能作为夫妻共同财产的法理分析,中州大学学报,2007年1月。
[2]马克思,《资本论》第五章:劳动过程和价值增殖过程。
[3]刘洪,从现行的离婚财产分割来看我国夫妻财产制度的完善,华东政法学院硕士论文,p17,2001。
[4]同上,p16。
[5]蒋婉清,离婚精神损害赔偿制度之研究,中国政法大学硕士学位论文,p9,2005;刘洪,从现行的离婚财产分割来看我国夫妻财产制度的完善,华东政法学院硕士论文,p38,2001;王晓云,析离婚夫妻共同无形财产之股权分割,中国政法大学硕士学位论文,p28,2006。
[6]孙若军,论离婚损害赔偿制度,法学家,2001年第5期。
申请硕士学位课程 招生简章
经济的全球化,使得金融业在国家经济生活中的重要性日益上升,也使公司与金融法成为各国法律体系中最重要的组成部分。金融业是一个以规则运行为特征的特殊产业。实践证明,经过高素质法律训练的人尤其适应该行业的竞争与生存,因此,法律人往往会从事该行业工作,已经具备其他专业知识背景的人员,如实现与法律专业知识的复合,成为复合型高端人才,则优势凸显。具备传统法律知识的人员,对于专业很强的公司与金融法律也有知识转型、更新和提升的需要。
浙江大学法学院为应对这种社会需求,特开设公司与金融法硕士课程班,综合浙江大学法学院和国内高校、研究机构及金融管理实务部门的优质资源,为学员提供硕士层面前沿热点国内外公司与金融法律知识,使学员的公司与金融法理论和实务能力得到跨越式提升。
【课程对象】
公司、证券、银行、保险、信托、期货、担保、贷款公司等相关行业人员;公安、法院、检察院、律师事务所及仲裁委等公司与金融法律从业者;政府金融办、人民银行等“一行三会”监管官员。
专业背景不限,免试入学。
【课程设置】
法理学、法学前沿、硕士生英语、民法总论、物权法学、债权法学、商法、金融法、票据法、公司法、股权投资法、证券期货法、保险法、银行法、投资基金法、信托法、国际金融法、金融刑法、行政法(金融监管)、房地产法、民事诉讼与仲裁、货币金融专题、证券投资专题。
富有特色的实战案例教学,理论与实践相结合,知识与能力并进。
【学习时间】
1年半,双休日学习。
【证书颁发】
经考核合格后颁发浙江大学同等学力申请硕士学位人员课程班结业证书。符合条件,通过考试和硕士论文答辩可获得浙江大学法学硕士学位。
【课程费用】
学费:21000元。
书本费:1000元。
教学地点:浙江大学之江校区
【联系电话】 010-51656177 010-51651981
人力资本理论形成于20世纪60年代,主要代表人物是美国著名经济学家舒尔茨。他强调,从经济发展的角度看,人的知识、技能和健康等人力资本的提高,对经济增长的贡献远比物质资本和劳动力数量的增加重要。
一、乌鲁木齐人力资本投资现状
2009年,乌鲁木齐市户籍人口达241.19万人,少数民族占到27.47%,其中男性人口124.78万人,占51.7%;女性人口116.41万人,占48.3%,性别比为107:100(以女性为100)。全年出生人口1.91万人,出生率为8‰;死亡人口0.74万人,死亡率为3.11‰;全年净增人口1.17万人,自然增长率为4.89‰。乌鲁木齐从业人口占总人口的比重见图1。
(一)乌鲁木齐人力资本教育及培训情况
1.教育经费投入不足
《教育规划纲要》明确提出,2012年国家财政性教育经费支出占国内生产总值比例要达到4%。而从表1来看,乌鲁木齐教育支出占GDP的比重在2008年仅为1.77%,低于全国2.90%的平均水平,筹措严重不足。2008年在西部省会城市教育支出占GDP比重的排名中,乌鲁木齐排名第9,远低于《教育规划纲要》明确规定的4%。
2.高等教育入学率较低
截至2009年年末,乌鲁木齐共有各类学校623所,各类学校在校生达625816人,其中,普通高校在校生13.03万人,增长12.03%(1995年为基年);中等专业在校生8.84万人,增长7.84%;普通中学在校生25.66万人,增长24.66%;小学在校生19.28万人,增长18.28%。从表2可以看出,乌鲁木齐的普通高中和高等教育规模逐年扩大,同时也反映出中等专业教育和高等教育的规模增幅态势。相比小学和普通高中的入学情况,中等专业教育和高等教育的增幅较弱,中等专业教育发展速度较慢。
3.教育培训供给形式单一
2009年安置就业5.93万人,创建充分就业社区65个,启动了全国创业型城市创建工作,开展了大中专学生示范创业培训和5个重点片区就业人员职业培训,完成各类培训8.7万人。发放小额担保贷款9162万元,带动6847人实现就业再就业。但培训仍然存在许多问题:办学规模小,办学范围窄,办学层次低,财力不足,特色不明显;政府对社会办学重视不够,鼓励、扶持力度不强。
(二)乌鲁木齐科研开况
2009年末,乌鲁木齐深入开展国家知识产权示范城市创建活动,60项科技专利成功获国家和自治区科技奖励,专利申请量和授权量达到1065件和631件。安排应用技术研究与开发资金3440万元,重点支持了120项科技计划项目和重大专项,带动社会科技投入2.9亿元,但总体比较,科研开发能力较弱。
(三)乌鲁木齐人力资本的迁移情况
据统计,2009年乌鲁木齐迁入58715人,迁出44009人。1990年乌鲁木齐迁入34146人,迁出29419人,20年来乌鲁木齐迁入人口增加了71.95%,其中跨省流动人口增加了49.59%。流动人口呈一种递增的态势。就现实情况来看,外来务工人员对乌鲁木齐的经济发展作出了巨大的贡献,但如果对外来务工人员的管理跟不上社会发展的需求,就会对乌鲁木齐的经济发展产生一定的负面影响。1.流动人口对乌鲁木齐城市的社会管理与治安产生一定的压力;2.增加了乌鲁木齐的就业压力;3.外来务工人员的素质低下,在一定程度上制约了乌鲁木齐经济协调和全面的发展。
(四)乌鲁木齐医疗卫生保健情况
2009年末,全市共有56.73万人参加城镇基本养老保险,56.29万人参加失业保险,全市共有1.96万家机关、企事业单位78.02万人参加城镇职工基本医疗保险,18.03万个体灵活就业人员参加基本医疗保险,1.57万人享受城镇最低生活保障。但是,目前乌鲁木齐卫生医疗存在一些严峻的问题:1.药品质量有待提高;2.药品、医疗价格高;3.医疗广告泛滥成灾;4.医保程度有待提高。
二 、对策建议
(一)进一步完善人力资本投入机制,增加人力资本存量,提高投资效率
对初等教育和中等教育应尽可能免费,同时,教育投资要补贴那些对地区经济具有较大正面影响的专业或学校,培养更多适应本地经济发展的专业人才。对各类企业和单位的各种技术培训,在单位投资为主的基础上,可以通过各种激励措施,提高受训者的投资回报率,增强培训力度。
(二)积极推进人力资源配置市场化,优化城市人才结构
具体应做到:1.增加人力资源市场的投入力度,建设现代化人力资源市场网络;2.完善人力资源价格形成机制,开放具有竞争力和高层次人才资源的价格;3.改善市场环境,提高服务质量和效率,改革户籍制度;4.建立正常的市场秩序;5.规范人力资源市场的中介组织。
(三)改善现行的教育与培训制度,提高人才素质
政府应该在重视义务教育改革的同时支持高等学校的发展,同时,各高等学校应根据市场需求积极调整专业设置和办学模式。
(四)加大教育投入
除了加大政府对教育的投资外,还要加大社会化教育投入。在国家公共教育投入不足的情况下,政府应鼓励社会办学,同时,在学校中引入竞争机制,扩大受教育者选择学校的权利,允许受教育者在不同学校之间自由选择。
(五)加大培训的力度
具体措施:1.适当的政府介入;2.企业应建立职业培训机制;3.充分发挥各类培训机构的作用。
参考文献:
[1]李桂华.人力资源管理 [M].北京:中国金融出版社,2005.
[2]朱新江.论人力资本投资与城市竞争力――以浙江省湖州市为案例的研究 [D].浙江,浙江大学硕士学位论文,2004(1).
隔夜美股大涨,那么今天A股反弹是顺理成章的事情,目前上证指数和创业板指数的位置处于背离状态,上证指数在低位震荡,创业板在高位震荡,今天上证指数大涨是大概率的事情,按照二八分化的规律,今天创业板指数走势预期不会太强,震荡的概率大。
昨天出了大利好,了《关于改革完善仿制药供应保障及使用政策的意见》(简称“《意见》”),分别从促进仿制药研发、提升仿制药质量疗效、完善支持政策三个方面,对仿制药供应保障及使用提出了15条具体意见。业内人士认为,伴随《意见》出台,围绕仿制药的支持政策将加快落地,通过仿制药一致性评价的品种所涉及的医保支付、优先采购及临床中的优先选用等问题有望得到进一步落实解决。在此过程中,综合实力领先的制药公司将凭借高质量的品种优势迎来新的发展机遇。
【关键词】
保险经纪;发展现状;制约因素;发展前景
1 国际保险经纪的发展现状及特点
现代保险经纪制度起源于英国,距今已经有上百年的历史。目前在国际保险市场上,保险经纪己成为一种成熟的保险营销模式。通过这种制度的安排,投保人能受益于保险经纪人的专业化服务和支持运作系统,保险公司则能通过保险经纪人系统集中资源于产品研发、保险承保和间接的客户服务上。保险经纪人已成为保险市场中不可或缺的组成部分,发挥着举足轻重的作用。
国际保险经纪市场的主要特点有:
(1)历史悠久。欧美等国家的保险经纪已有上百年的历史,在长时间的发展和磨练中形成了制度完善、运作规范、竞争有序的成熟保险经纪市场。
(2)业务规模大,市场份额高。在保险发达的国家,保险公司保险收入的绝大部分来源于保险中介,特别是保险经纪人的占比很高。在英国,财产险领域60%以上的市场被保险经纪人控制,尤其是劳合社承保的业务,全部由经纪人承揽;荷兰保险经纪的市场份额达到60%以上;法国90%以上的工业保险项目是通过保险经纪人实现的。
(3)服务范围广,专业性强。国际保险经纪机构不仅从事方案设计、保险询价、保险安排等一般性的保险经纪服务,而且能够为客户提供风险管理咨询等高附加值的服务。保险经纪机构拥有一批保险和其他行业的专家,根据客户对风险保障的需求提供专业顾问服务。
(4)市场集中度高。虽然保险经纪机构数量众多,但在市场上占据主导地位的却是一些大公司,他们的业务规模大、网络覆盖广,在全球很多地方都设立了分支机构,并拥有全球保险经纪市场的大部分份额。根据Datamonitor资料来源,2009年世界前三大保险经纪公司(Marsh、Aon、Willis)的全球市场份额达到37.6%,市场高度集中。
(5)自律性强。在保险发达的国家,监管部门对保险经纪人的监管比较宽松,行业规范主要以保险经纪机构有效的自我约束和行业自律为主。很多国家都设立了保险经纪人协会等行业自律组织,制定并监督执行行业规范和准则,约束成员的市场行为,维护行业共同利益和市场竞争规则。
2 我国保险经纪的发展现状及制约因素
2.1 我国保险经纪的发展现状
经过十几年的发展,我国的保险经纪行业与成立之初相比有了很大的提高,但整体实力还不强,主要表现在:
(1)规模小,市场份额低。在我国经济高速增长及保险行业快速发展的环境下,我国的保险经纪发展也取得了较好的成绩,佣金收入持续大幅增长,但与整体保险行业相比,规模仍然很小,市场份额仍然较低。目前保险经纪的市场份额不足3%,即使在保险经纪业务集中的财产险领域,市场份额也只有6%左右。保险经纪行业还没有发展成为我国保险市场的重要组成部分,其影响和作用有限。
(2)经营模式较单一,风险管理等领域少有涉足。欧美等成熟国家的保险经纪,其职能除了提供保险安排和保险索赔等服务外,还为客户提供事前防灾防损建议、风险管理与咨询、保险精算分析等增值服务,充分体现保险经纪作为风险管理专家的作用。而目前我国的保险经纪提供的服务仍以保险询价、保险安排、协助理赔为主,风险管理技术力量和经验不足,风险管理咨询业务少有涉足,保险经纪的专业性发挥有限。
(3)经营层次低,以股东资源竞争和价格竞争为主。在我国,股东型的保险经纪机构成为保险经纪市场的主导力量,因此保险经纪之间的竞争更多的是比较股东资源的多少和关系网的大小,而公司自身并没有形成鲜明的经营特色,也缺乏风险管理、专业人才等核心竞争力。此外,竞争的手段也是以降低保险费率和压缩佣金率为主,保险经纪的专业价值少有体现。
(4)产品创新能力不足。在国际保险市场上,保险经纪机构通常可以参与研发保险产品。而目前我国保险经纪提供给客户的基本是市场上现有的产品,或者产品组合,或者在原有保单中增加一些必要的附加条款,或删除一些保障作用小或者没有实质保障作用的条款,缺乏真正创新性的保险产品和服务,同质化经营较为普遍。
(5)专业人才匮乏。保险经纪行业是一个对综合素质要求很高的职业,保险经纪人不仅要具备保险专业知识和丰富的实践经验,而且还要熟悉法律、金融、财务等方面的知识,特别是作为风险管理专家,需要在某一专业领域,例如航运、电力等有着丰富的经验。而目前我国保险经纪机构的员工大多来源于保险公司的市场人员,具有风险管理经验的保险专家屈指可数。保险经纪专业人才的不足在一定程度阻碍了保险经纪自身的功能发挥。
2.2 制约我国保险经纪发展的主要因素
(1)从投保人方面看。目前我国的国民保险意识普遍不高, 对保险需求层次较低,保险经纪人发挥专业价值的空间较小。同时,我国的保险经纪业尚处于起步阶段,发展也受到客户认知的制约。
(2)从保险公司方面看。在保险经纪制度尚未建立的时期,保险公司承揽了销售、承保、理赔等所有经营环节,形成了“大而全”的经营模式,特别是在“以保费论英雄”的市场环境下,保险公司之间的竞争演化成为以营销能力为主导的竞争,而弱化了产品设计、服务创新等核心竞争力。在这种背景下,以销售为主要职能的保险经纪人从一出生便面临着保险公司的排斥与抵制,原本的合作关系变为直接的竞争关系,保险经纪机构的经营困难不言而喻。
(3)从市场结构及险种结构看,目前我国保险公司数量少且市场高度集中,前三大保险公司垄断了保险市场的绝大部分市场份额,导致保险经纪人的选择空间小,而且在与保险公司的谈判时处于极其被动的地位。从险种结构看,目前我国的车险占比高达70%以上,形成一险独大的局面。车险是相对简单、固定的保险产品,基本上不需要保险经纪人的介入,而保险经纪人可以发挥专业价值的其他领域,如责任险、船舶险、信用险等,目前整体需求不高,规模不大,这也正是我国保险经纪整体市场份额低的主要原因。
(4)从监管方面看。目前我国保险市场的法律法规仍不健全,表现在:一是对保险公司的监管上,监管部门对条款费率等方面限制较多,导致市场上各家保险公司的产品同质化、费率统一化,严重限制了保险经纪人进行产品比较及价格谈判的空间;二是对保险经纪公司的监管上,法规操作细则仍不完善,政策不配套,如经纪人佣金无明确标准,缺乏保险经纪行业自律组织等。
3 我国保险经纪的发展前景
保险经纪业在中国是一个新兴产业,也是一个朝阳产业。虽然目前比较弱小,但保险经纪业的发展和壮大是中国保险业与世界接轨的必然趋势,未来的发展前景广阔。
首先,从外部因素来看。我国经济持续稳定发展是保险市场未来增长的基础,保险经纪业作为保险产业链的一环,也必然在保险业巨大的增长空间中取得快速发展;国民保险意识的不断增强及对风险保障需求层次的逐步提高,必然会扩大对保险经纪的需求;保险市场产销分离、专业化发展的方向,也会带来保险公司经营理念和方式的转变,为保险经纪的价值发挥提供空间;法律法规政策的不断健全和完善,为保险经纪的快速、规范发展提供制度保障。
其次,从保险经纪本身的作用和价值来看。保险经纪人的专业性有利于解决市场中的“信息不对称”问题,一方面保险经纪人可加强对被保险人利益的保护,另一方面由于保险经纪人对被保险人及其所处行业的风险更为了解,也有利于降低保险公司的承保风险;保险经纪人也有利于降低保险市场的交易成本;有利于促进保险产品和服务的创新;有利于整个保险市场的规范化经营与发展;同时也是迎合中国保险市场尽快与国际接轨的需要。
近两年,中国保险监督管理委员会陆续出台了一系列的政策,如鼓励和支持保险中介集团化发展,加强清理整顿保险中介市场,提高保险中介的准入门槛等,这些政策皆有利于保险经纪业的规模化、专业化和规范化发展。我们认为,与西方保险经纪发展历程相比,我国保险经纪业极有可能出现跨越式的发展,这个发展速度将会伴随着我国经济和整个保险产业的快速发展得到迅猛提升。同时,由于电销、网销等新兴渠道的竞争使得我国保险经纪业无法达到西方保险经纪业的高峰水平。
【参考文献】
[1]《保险经纪理论与实务》,唐运祥,2000
[2]《中国保险业:矛盾、挑战与对策》,孙祁祥,2000
[3]《中国保险中介市场问题研究》,魏华林,保险研究,2002(6)
[4]《论保险经纪市场的发展》,孟龙,保险研究,2000(12)
[5]《保险经纪业发展战略研究》,李昊轩,硕士论文,2005
2.1 Theoretical foundation of Skopos Theory 2
2.2 Basic aspects of Skopos Theory 3
2.2.1 Basic rules of Skopos Theory 3
2.2.2 Adequacy and equivalence viewed from a Skopos perspective 4
3.The purposes and functions of advertising 6
3.1 Definition of advertising 6
3.2 The purposes and functions of advertising 7
4.Common problems existing in advertising translation 9
4.1 Problems of language 9
4.1.1 Linguistic untranslatability 9
4.1.2 The misuse of words 10
4.2 Cultural differences 11
4.2.1 Differences in cultural allusions 11
4.2.2 Different attitudes towards animals 11
5.Basic strategies of advertising translation under the guidance of Skopos Theory 12
5.1 Strategies on language 12
5.1.1 The Use of rhetorical devices 12
5.1.2 Change the original form 13
5.2 Strategies on culture 14
5.3 Strategies on consumer’s psychology 14
6.Conclusion 16
Acknowledgements 17
References 18
1.Introduction
In this competitive modern world, advertising has become an important part of our daily life. The furious international exchanges and the severe competition involve an increasing need for advertising and thus of advertising translation. Cross-cultural advertising translation has become a hot topic in the world of translation. It has a great influence on the international trade, products intercourse and so on.
An increasing number of scholars of translation, both at home and abroad, have different opinions on advertising translation. However, the study of advertising translation is far from being satisfactory. As a break with the traditional translation ideas and a vital complement to translation studies, the functionalist concept of translation put forward by some German scholars has opened up a new perspective to the study of advertising translation. According to Vermeer’s “Skopos Theory”, any form of international action may be considered as an action, and any action has its purpose.
This thesis is under the guidance of Skopos Theory. So the concrete objectives of the thesis are: (1) Making a comprehensive introduction and analysis of Skopos Theory, clarifying the theoretical basis for this thesis. (2) Discussing the definition, purpose and function of advertising before going on further reach. (3) Finding and analyzing some problems in the current advertising translation. (4) Advocating some specific and practical strategies in advertising translation through providing some new examples on the basis of this guiding theory.
2.Skopos Theory
2.1 Theoretical foundation of Skopos Theory
Before we get down to the basic aspects and rules of Skopos Theory, it is necessary for us to approach the nature of translating from the perspective of functionalism. Skopos Theory is founded on the basis of the action theory introduced by Holz-Manttari who conceives translation as an intentional action.
“The 1970s and 1980s saw a move away from the static linguistic typologies of translation shifts and the emergence and flourishing in Germany of a functionalist and communicative approach to the analysis of translation” 73.
Skopos Theory has also taken its root in the action theory. As Vermeer defines, human action is an intentional, purposeful behavior that takes place in a given situation 77. And this is what is called the model of translational action, which views translation as a purpose-driven, outcome-oriented human interaction. It also focuses on the process of translation as message-transmitter compounds involving intercultural transfer. Translational action focuses a lot on producing a target text which is functionally communicative for the receivers.
In Vermeer’s words, it is “an intentional, interpersonal, partly intercultural interaction based on a source text” [3]18. For a deeper study on how Skopos Theory differentiates itself from the traditional translation theories, it is necessary for us to take a closer look at the basic aspects of Skopos Theory.
2.2 Basic aspects of Skopos Theory
2.2.1 Basic rules of Skopos Theory
In Skopos Theory, translation is viewed not as a process of transcending, but as a specific form of human action. Like any other human action, translation has a purpose, and the word Skopos, derived from Greek, is used as the technical term for the purpose of a translation.
There are basically three rules constituting the Skopos Theory of Vermeer, namely the Skopos rule, intratextual coherence and intertextual coherence. The Skopos rule is the top-ranking rule and the other two are subordinate to the Skopos rule. Vermeer explains the Skopos rule in the following way:
Each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose. The Skopos rule thus reads as follows: translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function[3]29.
While, the Skopos rule does not offer any general principle to translators about how to do his translating job, what translation strategy to adopt, or what translation style to choose. They can only be determined according to the specific Skopos ready to be achieved by a specific translation. All the choices the translator makes must be guided by and must serve the Skopos. In this sense, this rule is helpful in solving the eternal dilemmas of dichotomy existing dynamic in the translation methods such as free vs. literal translation and vs. formal translation.[3]29 The choice of the translation strategies depends on the purpose for which the translation is needed.
The second rule is the coherence rule, or in Vermeer’s terms, “intratextual coherence”, which means that a translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers’ situation. Intratextual coherence means the receiver should be able to understand it, and it should make sense in the communicative situation and culture in which it is received. In the translating as a cross-cultural interaction, the target text receivers in the target culture remain a very important factor; if the target text fails to make sense to the target receivers, the Skopos of the overall translation action will prove vain. In this sense, a communicative interaction can only be successful if the receivers interpret it as being sufficiently coherent with their situation or even “part of the receiver’s situation” [3]32.
So in the translation of advertising, the contextual factors surrounding the translation should not be ignored. These factors include the culture of intended readers of the target text and of the client who has commissioned it, in particular, the function that the text is to perform in that culture for those readers.
The third rule of the Skopos Theory is called “intertextual coherence” or “fidelity”. Such a kind of fidelity is involved in the concept of translation in the Skopos Theory. It refers to intertextual coherence between the translated text and the source text. Since a translation is regarded as an offer of information (target language text) about a preceding offer of information (source language text) in the Skopos Theory, there must be a certain kind of relationship between the target language text and the source language text[3]34.
With the fear that a measureless deviation from the source text may occur in the name of the Skopos, Nord suggests the “function plus loyalty” maxim as a supplement for the Skopos Theory to prevent “radical functionalism” [4]11. Different from fidelity that calls for the intertextual coherence between source and target text, loyalty refers to the responsibilities held by the translator for the initiator, the source text producer and the target receiver. This rule limits the range of reasonable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation brief between translators and their clients. Under this rule, it is illegal for the translator to produce the target text entirely at his client’s will, without taking into consideration the factors of the source text producer and the target receivers.
2.2.2 Adequacy and equivalence viewed from a Skopos perspective
Traditionally, equivalence is followed as the guiding principle of translation process. Assuming this, a translator’s task is to provide the target-text addressees with the same amount of information as the source-text producer. However, source-text addressees and target-text addressees belong to different cultures and language communities, which mean equivalence is hard to completely achieve. Based on the concept of equivalence, Reiss developed her idea on “adequacy” which gives a new view of the translator’s task “what the translator does is to offer another kind of information in another form.”[5]123
According to Reiss, adequacy refers to the “goal-oriented selection of signs that are c onsidered appropriate for the communicative purpose defined in the translation assignment” 12.
In contrast, equivalence is a static, result-oriented concept describing a relationship of “equal communicative value” between two texts or on lower ranks, between words, phrases, sentences, syntactic structures and so on. For Reiss, the general concept is adequacy, not equivalence. Equivalence may be one possible aim when translating but it is not held to be a translation principle valid once and for all [6]28.
3.The purposes and functions of advertising
3.1 Definition of advertising
The word “advertising” derives from the Latin word “advert ere”, which means “the way of drawing attention from the public to something and persuading it to a certain direction.” [7]7 Since the word “advertising” became popular in the commercial world in the seventeenth century, definitions about it have been diverse in version. With economic development and social progress, the meaning of advertisements is also changing and increasingly enriched. According to Webster’s Dictionary, advertising is the activity of calling something to the attention of the pubic, especially by paid announcements.
Harris and Seldon define advertising as “a public notice designed to spread information with a view to promoting the sales of marketable goods and services.” [7]7
American Marketing Association (AMA) defines advertising as “the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services, or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media.” [8]1
Association of National Advertisers (ANA) states that advertising is “a paid form of mass communication, aiming at offering information, altering others’ attitudes to advertised products, inducing others to get action and at last making profits for the advertisers.” [9]120
From the above definitions of advertising, we can come to the conclusion that advertising should have the following features:
First, advertising should include the basic information about the product or service and it has a certain target audience. Second, advertising depends on all kinds of mass media (e.g. newspaper, magazine, radio, television, Internet), at least a medium used. Third, advertising is persuasive in nature, and it aims at persuading people that the advertised product will certainly benefit them. Forth, advertising is non-personal which indicates that advertising is directed to groups of people rather than individuals and message appears in the mass media. Fifth, advertising is a type of mass communication between certain sponsors and a certain target audience.
According to the purpose and perspective of this thesis, I tentatively define advertising as follows: advertising is one form of marketing. It urges people to purchase a product, service, or accept a new concept for the sake of sales of promotion. Meanwhile, advertising is an effective way for product producers to communicate the message of their products or services to the potential consumers. It tries its best to provoke the interest of potential consumers and induce them to try new products or suggest reuse. Besides, advertising can help consumers be familiar with products or services and provide opportunity to choose.
3.2 The purposes and functions of advertising
From the above definition of advertising, we can learn the purposes and the main functions of advertising. It is no doubt that the ultimate purpose of advertising is to persuade potential consumers to make a choice between the same products of different brands and take action to buy a certain product or service. The American Marketing Manager’s Handbook points out that an advertisement should cover four basic purposes: AIDA, which represents four words respectively: Attention, Interest, Desire and Action [10] 13-14.
There are many functions of advertising, and the basic function of advertising is to convey information about products, services or concepts to the public. Consumers can be aware of the products and services newly provided through advertising. What’s more, consumers may be influenced to some degree during their choice of products or services. The informative function of a dvertising is one of the most important functions as it can boost sales, strengthen competition, and hasten production and connect with the market
Advertising is an art of persuasion. As Tanaka Keiko points out, “information is subordinated to persuasion” [11]36. The purpose of advertisers conveying information to audience is not for increasing the audience’s knowledge but for selling their goods successfully. They just want to convince the audience that their products are better than other similar ones in some aspects, and if the audience takes action to buy these products they can be well satisfied because their products are of high quality. So we can say that the ultimate purpose of an advertisement is to influence people and persuade them to buy products or services advertised, and the other functions are subordinated to it and serve for advertising’s ultimate purpose.
Further more, it has the function of communication. Along with sales promotion, public relations and personal selling, advertising is one of the vehicles employed by a business or an organization to communicate with its customers. Advertising had been regarded as “news about products or services” before 1890s [12]91, which had been the main function of advertising before the 20th century when products were not abundant enough. It provides the customers with the latest information about certain goods or service to the public. Therefore, it is a form of mass communication. It conveys information of products, services and concepts to consumers. It plays a role of connecting advertisers with consumers so as to achieve communication between them in the market place.
Besides, it has the Social function. Advertising has a number of social roles: it increases productivity and raises the living standard; it reflects fashion and design trends, and contributes to the cultivation of our aesthetic consciousness and taste, etc. It is quite clear that advertising has directly or indirectly enlarged sales strengthened competition, improved production and management, and linked up market conditions, in short, it has developed economy.
To reach all these functions, all advertisers face a great challenge: how to design or create a successful advertising. Lund put forward five tasks for advertising as AIDCA. That is to say, the language of advertising should be able to “attract attention, arouse interest, stimulate desire, create conviction, and get action.” [13]49. To put it more clearly, a good advertising should be able to attract consumers’ attention, arouse their great interest toward the product or service advertised, stimulate their desire to buy, help them to memorize the product or service, and finally encourage and convince them to take purchasing action.
4.Common problems existing in advertising translation
Due to the ongoing reform and opening policy, advertising in recent years has led to the emergence of a large quantity of the advertising translation. As such materials play an important role in culture and information exchanges, the quality of advertising translation has got more and more attention from the translation field. However, in the research, the author still finds out there exists some mistakes in the advertising translation. Such mistakes are either due to translators’ carelessness or due to their incapability. Thus, the translation they yield contains a lot of mistakes or inappropriateness. Some translators do not have a practical theory to guide their process of translation. They think if they finish translating the materials word for word, then they do the job. They are not aware of the cultural differences or don’t take readers’ response into serious consideration. As a result, the translation of advertising is in urgent need of improvement. Those mistakes will, of course, affect China’s international image and our advertising to an extent. There are many problems existing in present advertising translation, while the typical ones may the problem of language and culture.
4.1 Problems of language
4.1.1 Linguistic untranslatability
There are many differences existing in phonetic, lexical, grammar and semantic between source language and translated language. Undoubtedly, it causes the difficulty to find a perfect expression to reappear the source language’s characteristics. We may ignore the form or implication of the translation and losing the sense of beauty. That is linguistic untranslatability. Linguistic untranslatability occurs typically in the cases that an ambiguity peculiar to the source text is a functionally relevant feature, esp. in the cases of figure of speech, such as puns, homophone. Some advertising language uses the humorous and interesting pun to advertise the products. The translated text is required to reach the same effect as the original text, which is difficult, even impossible. The double meanings of the pun are difficult to translate, sometimes are impossible to translate.
Example1: 默默无蚊(闻)的奉献(mosquito-repellent incense ad)
Example2: 骑(其)乐无穷,乐在骑(其)中(motor-bike ad)
Example3: 月季花油,肴肴(遥遥)领先(鲜)。
蚊and闻, 骑and其,肴肴and遥遥, 先and鲜share the same pronunciation, but have different forms and meanings. They are so difficult to translate accurately and faithfully.
4.1.2 The misuse of words
Accuracy in advertising translation is basically lexical. The translator could apply the grammar flexibly and expertly within limits to strengthen the logic of the text. But the words must be accurate. How to convey the information appropriately to customers? The most important is that translators should be careful and be sure each word used is correct. Sometimes the misuse of words in advertising translation is fatal to the sale of products.
For example, 本品已向中国人名保险公司进行质量及食品卫生责任保险——老四川五香牛肉干。(This product has been to be insured for the foodstuff quality and hygiene by the China People’s Insurance Company.)
This advertising aims to indicate that there would be no problem or danger after eating the food. But “be to do sth” means that the producer has been trying to get this product insured but not actually realized. Besides, “insure” must be followed with “against”. It can be corrected as: “This product has been insured against any food accident.”
Some products are good enough that people won’t forget them after using. So introductions and translations make an issue of sales. And correct using of words shows its importance.
4.2 Cultural differences
4.2.1 Differences in cultural allusions
Allusion is the quoting of remarks of past famous men, or mentioning of well-known events or myths in literature. The use of allusion has the same rhetorical effect as epigram. One more effect is that, as the classical allusion is well-known with high content of literature, using them can help portray an image of well-learnt business persons [14]27. However, such allusion-employed advertising would not bring the same function to the target reader in the target market. Thus the translation should be adaptive to the target reader with its own culture.
Example 1 红豆(shirt)——Love-Pea shirt(not red-pea shirt)
Example 2 Nike——耐克(不是奈可或者耐科)
Nike is the name of Victory goddess in Greek myth. And we all know that “耐” means “wearable” and “克” means “victory” in China. It seems a coincidence that Nike is the name of goddess of victory. Undoubtedly, it is a perfect translation.
4.2.2 Different attitudes towards animals
It is known to all that animals in different culture have different symbols. These words are heavily culture-loaded words, so in advertising translation, this group of words always causes problems and misunderstandings. Therefore this group of words belongs to conflict words, and translators often make mistakes in these words.
Example 1 鸳鸯——Lovebirds (not Mandarin Ducks)
Example 2 喜鹊——Lucky bird (not Magpie)
Example 3 He just killed the last dragon! ——柯达胶卷,属于你的家庭欢乐(而不是他杀了最后一条龙)
“Dragon” is the symbol of an evil and cruel monster in the Western culture. The kill of the last dragon symbolizes victory of venture and courage. However, in Chinese culture,“龙”is something holy and propitious, and it symbolizes the spirit of the Chinese people.
5.Basic strategies of advertising translation under the guidance of Skopos Theory
The purpose of advertising translation is to attract the attention of the consumers, inform them the advantages of the advertised product, arouse their buying desire, and finally make purchase. It is clearly Skopos-oriented. Therefore, which strategy should be used is totally decided by the final purpose of commercial advertising. As long as it can help realize the desired purpose of the translation, the strategy would be successful. To the best of my understanding, the following three strategies are the most useful and successful.
5.1 Strategies on language
In order to leave a deep impression on the consumer, advertising must be readable, eye-catching and attractive. In this way, the image, quality and value of the product or service can be remembered and the consumer will be stimulated to buy. So the language of advertising plays an important role in influencing and persuading the consumer to take action.
5.1.1 The Use of rhetorical devices
Rhetorical devices are very efficient linguistic means for both Chinese and English advertising to achieve the special purpose. There are a great number of devices such as Personification, Simile, Metaphor, Repetition, Parody, Pun and so on. It is no exaggeration to say that the success of an advertisement has much to do with proper use of rhetorical d evices as well as original use of words, phrases, and sentences.
For example: 磁旧换芯,用心换心(IC Card ad)
In this example, both pun and parody are applied to in the advertising. It is easy to find that “磁旧换芯”is a copy of a Chinese idiom“辞旧迎新”,which means to say good-bye to the outmoded chip for an IC card, since“辞”and“磁”,“新”and“芯”,are homonyms in Chinese, and they have the same pronunciation. In the latter part of the advertising,“心”has two implications. It can refer to“心”(the heart) and“芯”(the chip), since“心”and“芯” are also homonyms. So“用心换心”can be understood in the following ways: a) to renew the old chip; b) to serve the consumers heart and soul. With the help of these two rhetorical devices, this advertising creates a very humorous touch and makes the advertising coherent, readable and fascinating.
5.1.2 Change the original form
In advertising translation, a translator should bear in mind the fact that the utmost goal should be the fulfillment of the communicative purpose. In order to achieve this goal, one should exhaust every possible means to attract readers. Sometimes, the original form has to be changed in the target text, and imitation is one of the ways of doing so. By imitation, we mean to transform the original ads with the help of target expressions familiar to the intended readers, as popular set phrases, proverbs, poem lines and four-character words. For example, the four-character compounds usually convey profound sense in very simple structure with strong rhythm and rhyme.
Example1: Safe, easy, quick & with fun! ——安全便捷,妙趣横生!
Example2: Nescafe, good to the last drop! ——雀巢咖啡,滴滴香浓!
Example3: Sense and Simplicity(Philips) ——科技在内,简易在外!
In the third example, if we translate the advertising literally as “理性与简单”, the consumers may feel confused and incoherent. As long as we think carefully, we could find that the advertiser tries to inform the consumer that this product is full of intelligence, but its design is plain and concise, so consumers can use it easily and conveniently. Therefore, the product has rich sense inside and at the same time a concise appearance outside. So the translation “科技在内,简易在外” is not only attractive but also logical and coherent.
From these examples we could find that the Skopos rule is the top-ranking rule in advertising translation. The intratextual coherence and intertextual coherence are subordinate to the Skopos rule, but they are also quite vital and necessary. To sum up, the perfect employment of the basic rules of Skopos Theory makes perfect advertising translation.
5.2 Strategies on culture
People in a given culture share certain idea about the “correctness” of a peculiar act of behavior or a particular mode of expressions. The differences between cultures also involve different thought patterns, aesthetic values, etc., on a deep level that are culture-specific. According to skopos Theory, the target-language-culture oriented strategy is the basic strategy of advertising translation. Therefore, the translator should not ignore the target culture.
For example:One drop for beauty; Two drops for a lover; Three drops for an affair.
1. 一滴是为了美,两滴是为了情人,三滴足以招致一次风流事
2. 法国名牌香水,男士挚爱的香水
Sexiness is a popular topic in Western countries while in China it is usually a taboo. If the advertising of Flordric perfume is translated literally into Chinese,it will be unacceptable in China. That is because in Chinese moral concept, sex is closely associated with obscenity and debauch, and sex attraction out of marriage is generally indecent and unpardonable. In addition, Chinese Advertising Act also regulates that any content and scene related to obscenity are not allowed in advertisements[15]42. In order to enter the Chinese market and persuade Chinese consumers to buy it, target-language-culture oriented strategies are taken in translating this advertisement. The original advertisement is adapted as“法国名牌香水,男士挚爱的香水”, which not only caters to the Chinese psychology of worship in French perfume but also shows its particular quality. As a result, Flordric perfume enters Chinese market successfully and has been favored by a lot of Chinese people.
5.3 Strategies on consumer’s psychology
Different cultural backgrounds have different consuming psychologies. For instance, French Women drink mineral water to keep their slender figure; German women drink it because it is healthy; English women drink it because it is considered trendy. Therefore, advertising must be adapted to stress these different marketing objectives, and to be specific, different countries have different psychological needs of consumers.
If you live in China for years, you can easily find that some characters are favored by the Chinese consumers very much, such as“宝” 、“贝” 、“金” (treasure), “乐” 、“喜” (pleasure), “福” (happiness), “发”(fortune), “达”(eminence), “顺”(smoothness), “利” (profit ) , “美” (beauty, perfect) and so on. These characters and phrases can easily strike the Chinese consumers’ heart and stimulate their desire to buy the advertised products. In order to cater for Chinese consumer’s psychology, many well-known multinational corporations adopt these strategies. For example:
BMW (automobile)宝马 Ford (automobile)福特
Mazda(automobile)马自达 Amway(medicine) 安利
Mild Seven (cigarette)万事发 Adidas(sport product)阿迪达斯
Rococo(chocolate) 乐可可 Cadbury(chocolate)吉百利
BEINMATE(baby product)贝因美 7-up(drink)七喜
Coca Cola(drink)可口可乐 Holsten( beer)豪顺
Tesco (super market)乐购 P&G(makeup)宝洁
DANONE(biscuit) 达能 Goldlion( tie)金利来
Lay’s Potato Chips(potato chips) 乐事薯片
Similarly,when we translate the Chinese advertising, we should also pay more attention to the foreign consumer’s psychology.
For example:藕粉,营养丰富,科学精制而成。——Lotus root starch , it is very nutritious , a scientifically and highly finished product.
This product is not favored by foreign consumers because the translation cannot cater for the consumer’s psychology. In English, the “starch” means a white substance that is found in quite large amount in bread, potatoes, etc. It implies that this product contains a lot of sugar and will make people fat after eating it. Besides, “scientifically and highly finished” may cause the misunderstanding that the product is man-made, because western people prefer natural food.
6.Conclusion
Nowadays, advertising has become an important part of our daily life. With the rapid development of international business and multinational companies, there is a growing need for efficient international advertising communication and translation. As a branch of translation study, advertising translation has its own laws and demands a systematic study. This thesis tries to study the common problem and basic strategies of advertising translation from the perspective of Skopos Theory.
Since it is important to meet the expectation of the target language consumers as to what advertising should be like, the evaluation of advertising translation relies completely on the target audiences’ responses. In order to achieve the intended purpose of buying action from target consumers, a specific translation theory, Skopos Theory, was proposed.
In this thesis, a tentative study of advertising translation is made to provide a basic strategy for advertising translation. The Skopos Theory is not perfect, but it is brave enough to challenge the traditional translation ideas and makes great contributions to translation studies. The Skopos Theory sheds new lights on the translation field and frees people from the traditional disputes on concepts (such as equivalence) by providing them a new way of thinking.
From what have been mentioned above, we can come to a conclusion that the Skopos Theory is the inherent guiding principle for advertising translation, and the translator can employ it as the guidance when translating advertising. Skopos Theory throws light on the translation of advertising and the Skopos rule is the most important criterion in judging the quality of the advertising translation when its nature is taken into consideration. In short, perfect employment of Skopos Theory makes perfect advertising translation. So it is advisable to make full use of Skopos Theory in advertising translation. Only in this way, can we translate the advertising perfectly and achieve the ultimate purpose of advertising: to persuade potential consumers to make a choice between the same products of different brands and take action to buy a certain product or service or accept a new concept successfully.
Acknowledgements
I am greatly indebted to my supervisor, Xia Junsuo, who, in spite of his being fully occupied, devoted much time and energy to revising and commenting on this thesis. Without his strict guidance, constant encouragement and valuable suggestions, this thesis would not have taken its present shape.
I also would like to express my sincere thanks to all the other teachers in the Languages and Literature College of Zhe Jiang University of Science and Technology, from whom I have undoubtedly benefited a great deal. In the past for years, they enlightened me and helped me in one way or another.
Last but not least, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my family and my friends for their concern and encouragement during my thesis writing and in my life. They are the source of confidence and strength for me to ove rcome difficulties in study and life.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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