绪论:写作既是个人情感的抒发,也是对学术真理的探索,欢迎阅读由发表云整理的11篇英文发言稿范文,希望它们能为您的写作提供参考和启发。
我是来自十年级七班的司明宇。
I am Jenny from Class 14 Grade 10.
非常荣幸能够代表枫叶2015级全体军训学员在这里和大家一起分享我几天来的军训感受。
It is a great honor to share my feeling of the military training on behalf of grade 2015 of Wuhan Maple Leaf International School.
首先祝贺大家顺利地完成了此次军训,精彩的军训成果汇报表演充满着我们的热血激情与汗水辛劳。在此我要感谢我们亲爱的领事,教官以及领导们。感谢你们无私的帮助,感谢你们所寄予的殷切期望,更感谢你们胜似亲人的亲切关怀!
First of all , congratulations on you finish the military training successfully . Fantastic performances of military training achievement were full of our passion and sweat. Here I would like to thank our dear teachers , trainers , leaders. Thank you for your selfless help ,thank you for your ardent expectations , what’s more is the care like relatives.
短短五天的军训。虽然很苦很累但其实还是很值得的,教官也为我们付出了很多,他们笔直的腰杆、挺起的胸膛、昂扬的士气。告诉我们那是军人的飒爽英姿。那汗水中神采奕奕的双眼和那嘹亮的军歌,让我们为之感动、为之震撼,这一周的军训,严肃了我们的纪律激发了我们的斗志。我也逐渐明白我们必须做一个有纪律、不怕苦的枫叶人。只有这样我们才能更好地迎接即将到来的高中生活,而这也正是军训的意义所在。
Within five days of military training. Although it is tired but worth , instructors also paid a lot for us . Their behavior tell us what is brave. We are all moved and amazed by them. This military training makes our discipline be serious and also inspires us to fight. I also gradually understand that we must be a maple leaver who observe discipline and work hard. Only in this way can we be better to face the coming high school life and this is the meaning of military training.
雄关漫道真如铁,而今迈步从头越。亲爱的同学们,军训是我们高中生活的起点,我们要继承和发扬部队的优良传统,把良好的作风带到实际生活,学习中去;去塑造自己、完善自己,为枫叶航船,涨满帆、撑稳舵,为早日实现自己的梦想奠定坚实的基础。
Good morning to you all. On this sunny and unforgettable day, we gladly welcome you to our grade 12’s graduation ceremony.
Two years ago, when we first came to this program and began our three years of high school education. It was your enthusiasm that influenced us, giving us the heart to keep moving forward; it was your encouragement that motivated us, encouraging us to persevere. It was your high spirits that encouraged us, and pointed us in the right way. It was your harmony that united us, urging us to stand our ground and charge fearlessly forward.
Three years, 36 months(thirty-six), 1095 days(one thousand and ninety-five), 26280 hours(twenty-six thousand two hundred and eighty), 1576800 minutes(1 million five hundred and seventy-six thousand eight hundred), 94608000 seconds(ninety-four million six hundred and eight thousand). Your confidence, patience and determination have grown. Under the guidance of Mrs. Lv, you have achieved success which we celebrate today.
We look up to you as role models and you are our heroes. We built a relationship not unlike that of a great, big, family. Working together has made us familiar to each other and know each other from the bottom of our hearts. Seeing you mature every day from morning to night, motivating us, makes us more mature.
Yesterday, you were proud of this program, today, this program is proud because of you. With 51 university acceptance letters coming from all directions, people were impressed by your accomplishments. We, the Grade 11’s will shortly turn into grade 12’s already feel the pressure that is soon to be placed upon us, and we thank you for your example, which will give us the perseverance to succeed. In the up-coming year, we will follow your footsteps, and will never give up creating what will be our very own miracle. At the same time, we would like to inform our dear future successors, we hope that you will not be afraid of the future hardships; we also hope that you put your best efforts into your work; to become the pride and future of Sino – Canadian Program here in Jilin City No.1 High School and ChangchunExperimental High School.
Today, you will turn over a new chapter of your lives, although there will be numerous obstacles blocking your paths, your determined hearts will be forever strong. You will walk towards the light of the glory of tomorrow, with our best wishes from the bottom of our hearts! Go for it!
初中毕业典礼致辞英文【2】
i am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. i never graduated from college. truth be told, this is the closest i've ever gotten to a college graduation.
today i want to tell you three stories from my life. that's it. no big deal. just three stories.
the first story is about connecting the dots.
i dropped out of reed college after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before i really quit. so why did i drop out?
it started before i was born. my biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. she felt very strongly that i should be adopted college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. except that when i popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. so my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "we have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" they said: "of course." my biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. she refused to sign the final adoption papers. she only relented a few months later when my parents promised that i would someday go to college.
and 17 years later i did go to college. but i naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. after six months, i couldn't see the value in it. i had no idea what i wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. and here i was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. so i decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out ok. it was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions i ever made. the minute i dropped out i could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.
it wasn't all romantic. i didn't have a dorm room, so i slept on the floor in friends' rooms, i returned coke bottles for the 5 deposits to buy food with, and i would walk the 7 miles across town every sunday night to get one good meal a week at the hare krishna temple. i loved it. and much of what i stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. let me give you one example: reed college at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. because i had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, i decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. i learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. it was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and i found it fascinating.
none of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. but ten years later, when we were designing the first macintosh computer, it all came back to me. and we designed it all into the mac. it was the first computer with beautiful typography. if i had never dropped in on that single course in college, the mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. and since windows just copied the mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. if i had never dropped out, i would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when i was in college. but it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.
again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. so you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. you have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. this approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.
my second story is about love and loss.
i was lucky – i found what i loved to do early in life. woz and i started apple in my parents garage when i was 20. we worked hard, and in 10 years apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. we had just released our finest creation - the macintosh - a year earlier, and i had just turned 30. and then i got fired. how can you get fired from a company you started?
well, as apple grew we hired someone who i thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. but then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. when we did, our board of directors sided with him. so at 30 i was out. and very publicly out. what had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
i really didn't know what to do for a few months. i felt that i had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that i had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. i met with david packard and bob noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. i was a very public failure, and i even thought about running away from the valley. but something slowly began to dawn on me – i still loved what i did. the turn of events at apple had not changed that one bit. i had been rejected, but i was still in love. and so i decided to start over.
i didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. the heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. it freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.
during the next five years, i started a company named next, another company named pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife.
Actually, I am very much curious about your definitions of a good college life at this special point. Someone once complained to me that the college life is totally a waste of time and money. Do you think so?
The answer is definitely no. Here I want to tell you that if you try to manage your college life well, you will find that it will be really a valuable part of your life. And now I’m going to share with you my personal experiences of my college life. I remember when I was a freshman, a junior student was giving a speech on this stage i was so impressed by her, and made my mind to study hard. So what I did in my pervious three years was just about making full use of college resources to develop my own potentials.
In my first year, I studied hard as I did in my high school, attending every class, listening to teachers carefully, reviewing after class and doing homework by myself. College at that time was a brand new stage for me, I was trying to find my way of adapting to it quickly. I participated in various kinds of activities to improve my abilities, such as joining in the students union, going to the old people’s home, selling newspapers outside campus, taking part in chorus competition and recitation contest. I think my ability is somehow improved through the year of efforts.
The second year was a very important turning point for me. I tried to learn more by myself and then apply the knowledge into practice. the very important event for me is the 18th china daily 21st century cup national english speaking competition in which I got the first prize in our school. but what I want to mention is only the benefits I gained from thiss competition, for example, my english speaking ability has been improved, and no longer afraid of saying a word in public and also I made friends with many students from other universities with whom I can share experience. and some other competitions like hubei provincial translation and interpreting competition, and so many more. another part is the social activities.
In july xx, I went to singapore to be a volunteer in the second international traditional martial arts competition. That was also an amazing experience in my life. As you can see that I witnessed with my own eyes a different culture thus broadening my horizons. so here i want to appeal to you all that seize every opportunity to develop yourself, for the college is an integrated platform in the journey of your life through which you are bound to grow up. The third years seems like a great leap for me. equipped with the solid foundation I laid in the previous two years, I further participated in some important major-related contests, such as the outlook talent show held by cctv, the fifth cross-strait interpreting competition and national english ability competition.
Through all these contests, I found myself much more confident in the road ahead. Next I’m going to give you some suggestions to help you manage your college life better.
Suggestion 1:
Learn as much as possible. for most of us college can be an unforgettable period for us to learn something. some one once said that university is like a dye vat, which means that you may be easily influenced by others. If you want to learn something you will be embraced by knowledge and wisdom; and if you don’t have the desire to learn you will find you get nothing after 4 years’ college life.
Suggestion 2:
Cultivate your potentials and interests. As we know, university is an integrated platform compared with high school. You do not need to bury your head in the books all day long. You need to conduct your self-cultivation and find where your interests lie in. For example, if you have the talent for dancing, you can join in the dance association. Just show it. Life will be colorful if there is joy.
Suggestion 3:
Always be optimistic and hopeful. Everybody knows that college life is mostly determined by ourselves. Sometimes you may find that teachers can’t instruct you in every aspects. So you may easily come across difficulties with which you will get bored. but please remember that life has its ups and downs, adversity is just part of our lives.Be optimistic, you will always find your way out.
自从今天的第一缕霞光从东方射出,我们就在一遍遍询问:到了吗?到了吗?现在置身于“得天地清气、极人文华彩”的清华园,我们的心中又在一遍遍欢呼:到了!到了!多少回憧憬向往,多少次魂牵梦绕。北京,我们来了,清华,我们来了!
千里行程、一路颠簸的疲惫早已被兴奋与激动替代。
首先请允许我代表全体营员向组织这次活动的世纪明德励志修学营组委会,向带领我们的老师,陪同我们的辅导员表示深深的感谢!老师,你们辛苦了!
千年古都,水木清华。这里名师云集、人才辈出。王国维、梁启超、陈寅恪、赵元任、钱钟书,一个个令莘莘学子顶礼膜拜的泰山北斗的身影曾经在这里停留;而今一批批学术大师、兴业之才、治国之贤的脚步从这里迈出。中西兼容、文理渗透、古今贯通、治学严谨、学风浓郁的清华早已以中国第一名校的风范蜚声海外。我相信走过清华之后,将是对我们灵魂的一次洗礼,精神的一次提升,生命的一次激励!今天我们是清华的游人,明天我们将是清华的主人!
励志修学营组委会为我们安排了丰富多彩的活动内容:踏访庄严神圣的天安门广场,瞻仰天下第一旗让我们报国之志油然而生;游览古老幽深的紫禁城让我们回味灿烂夺目的中华文明;登上举世闻名的万里长城让我们襟怀天下,不到长城非好汉;畅游颐和园让我们体会皇家园林的大气磅礴;学术大师、知名教授的课堂将给我们智慧的启迪,精神的提升;还有篮球赛上显身手,联谊会中展才艺。如此种种,不一而足。就让我们珍藏点点滴滴的感动,获取真真切切的美好吧。我想,在座的每一位营员应该和我一样是怀着激动和好奇的心情参加本次心智拓展夏令营的,在此,我衷心地倡议在场的每一位同学都积极参与到活动中来,将夏令营中所得到的感悟和收获,变成自己成长道路上的助推剂,成为今后一生的财富。
一、引言
英语语法课堂教学对高中阶段的英语教学更是有着非常重要的作用。课堂提问作为一种课程引入的有效方法,在传统的英语阅读教学中备受推崇,然而在目前的英语语法教学中却没有得到很好的应用。提问不仅是一种有效的课堂引入技巧,由教师提问引发师生双边交流的谈话法以及提问教学法也是新课程改革下提倡的教学方法。通过课堂提问,教师可以集中学生注意力,激发学生学习兴趣,发挥学生想象力和理解力,还可以使英语语法课堂教学充满活力,营造和谐的教学氛围。但是目前,大多数高中英语语法的课堂教学并没有充分发挥提问的有效性。
二、高中英语语法教学中课堂提问存在的问题
1.候答时间过短
由于传统教学理念的影响,很多教师在课堂提问时形式大于内容,提出问题与学生回答之间的间隔时间很短,提问变成了自问自答,不能给学生留出足够的思考时间。由于学生和教师在知识层次以及思维深度上的差别,特别是高中语法教学的特殊性,教师在提问是不能从学生出发,不仅不能起到激发学生学习兴趣,引入课程教学的目的,而且还会淡化学生作为学习主体地位,使语法课堂教学变成教师的一言堂。
2.情境预设过重
高中语法教学中提问的“预设过重”主要体现在教师的提问生硬的套用教案,提问内容缺少与学生生活的联系。在课堂教学中,我们经常会发现教师提问的预设性与学生的思维统一不到一起,教学节奏被打乱。例如教师想引出非限定性从句的一些用法,向学生提问:“我们学过的用逗号隔开的从句叫什么呢?”学生很多并不能联想到非限定从句,回答五花八门,教师没有得到预期的答案,自问自答的:“叫非限定性从句对吗?”这种提问方式预设过重,缺乏变通,一旦学生跟不上,课堂教学的节奏就很容易被打乱。
3.提问随意,评价单一
有些教师由于对课程内容准备不充分,课程设计缺乏系统性,对问题的提出并没有经过仔细的推敲而是带有随意性。如在课程教授过程中教师遇到一首歌或一幅画,就会问学生听过吗?看过吗?这种带有即兴意味的提问不能引发学生的思考,缺乏目的性。另外在回应学生的回答时,大多教师会用“Very good,Right,That’s wrong”等简短单一的回答,缺乏细致的评价使学生一头雾水,不知道自己错在哪里或对在哪里,这样不利于学生对所学内容的进一步理解。
三、高中英语语法课堂提问教学的有效措施
1.加强提问趣味性,激发学生的学习积极性
针对目前高中语法教学中存在的“满堂灌”现象,教师在提问时要增加趣味性,培养学生的积极情感。首先可以使用多媒体技术集声像、文字于一体,直观性、形象化的特点,创设与英语语法教学相关情境,配合多媒体的展示,向学生提问,以增强师生间的互动性,培养学生积极好学的意识。例如,在导入虚拟语气教学时,教师可以通过多媒体向学生展示“BIG BIG WORD”的背景图片,并通过播放“BIG BIG WORD”这首歌以及虚拟语气相关的歌词重点展示,让学生在听歌的同时将注意力集中到虚拟语气的学习中来,教师可以通过歌词提问:“if you are a big big girl,in a big big world,what would happen?”来引发学生的积极互动,然后导入课程所需的虚拟语气的学习,达到激发学生学习兴趣的目的。其次教师也可以利用一些英语小游戏作为提问的引入,例如在学习定语从句时教师可以通过准备一些写有人名或事物的卡片,为学生提供定语从句描述的范例,让学生根据范例自己对抽到的卡片进行描述,然后大家分享,最后教师用提问的方式引导学生对定语从句的用法进行总结,以此加强学生的学习内容的理解。
2.提问结合语篇语境,增强学生的语言运用能力
在高中英语语法的教学中,教师更应该注重学生英语的实践运用能力,所以在语法教学中的课堂提问应尽量结合学生实际,积极为学生创造交流语境,使学生综合运用英语语言的能力得到培养。例如在“should have”结构的教学时,教师可以根据许多学生有早上不吃早饭的习惯,建构对话情境。“Who didn’t have breakfast this morning?Could you tell us your feeling?”然后根据学生的回答教师做出总结性引导:“We should have had breakfast this morning.”教师可以将“should have”重点向学生展示,让学生自己领悟其含义,增强学生的语言运用能力。
3.提问伴随任务,让学生学会创造性使用语言
新课程标准倡导任务型学习模式,教师在英语语法的课堂教学提问时,可以将提问内容与学生的学习认为相结合,使学生的学习更加贴近现实,从一开始就培养学生积极主动探究的学习方式,培养学生自己发现问题、解决问题的能力。例如在讲解情态动词may、can、should、must等的用法时,教师可以设计一个任务型活动,通过提问的形式:“我们学校要组织我们去长城旅游,那我们必须(must)带什么?应该(should)带什么?也许(may)要带什么?能够(can)带什么?通过这样的讨论,让大家在活动的探究中学习到情态动词的用法。
四、结语
有效的课堂提问必须是符合学生实际情况,充分准备,具有启发性和激趣性的提问。有效的提问是高中英语语法课堂教学有效性的重要组成部分,教师只有充分重视课堂提问的重要作用,加重对课堂提问的研究,才能真正促进高中英语语法教学的有效进行。
中图分类号:G633.6 文献标识码:C 文章编号:1672-1578(2016)01-0131-01
所谓的问题教学法,指的是将教学过程中的相关知识点以提问的方式进行教学,让学生在探索答案,寻找解题方法的同时,充分发挥自身的主观能动性,实现思维的拓展与活跃,进而实现学习能力和解题技巧的提升。但是就目前我国高中数学的课堂现状而言,要想实现这种教学方法,需要学生拥有较高的活跃度与配合度,因此,教师在教学过程中如何激发学生的潜力,通过提问实现“问题教学法”对于学生学习能力的提升,是本文所要探讨的重要问题。
1 尊重学生差异,合理设计问题
“问题教学法”的核心就在于提问,因此教师在选择和设计问题时要格外注意和慎重。基于学生个体差异的客观存在性,教学在设置题目时,要酌情考虑不同学生对于知识点的掌握和记忆能力,认真选择提问的方式和突出的重点。以三角函数的正弦定理一节为例,笔者首先组织学生对之前学习的三角函数相关概念进行复习,而在复习过程中有学生不经意间发现内角正弦值在计算上的特殊性,笔者立刻以此为切入点,在原有公式的基础上稍加变化,就得出一个全新的有关三角形边、角关系的,适用于任何一种角的通用函数公式。这时笔者就会根据这一个全新的公式进行提问,提问的内容就是这个以直角三角形为基本模板推导出来的公式,是否适用于所有的三角形?然后就将不同难度的三角形验证问题,交给不同层次的学生,比如将较为容易验证的锐角三角形,交给平时学习基础较为薄弱的学生;将验证较有难度的钝角三角形交给平时学习基础较为扎实的学生。而经过全体同学的验证,这一公式在锐角三角形中得到了百分之百的验证,而使用钝角进行验证的学生成功率极低。基于这种情况,笔者和学生一起进行了讨论,并以分类的方法完善了对于三角函数的正弦定理的相关证明过程。
2 精心创设情境,激发学生兴趣
学生是一切学习和教学活动展开的主体,而对高中数学教学而言,其一切内容的展开目的在于让学生掌握完整而系统的数学知识,提升其综合运用能力,故而要想真正意义上提升教学质量和课堂教学效果,就必须将学生置于中心和重心,以必要的方法与手段提升其学习的积极性和主观能动性。基于这一点,教师在展开问题教学时,需要充分把握好学生的实际情况以及教学内容的特点,以适当的方式将二者之间有效结合起来,创设出合理、有趣的问题情境,使学生能够在轻松愉快的学习氛围当中进行知识的学习和研究。
例如,在学习“平面向量的实际应用“一节内容时,笔者以大部分学生都很关注和感兴趣的奥运会铁人三项为情境设置模板,设置了这样一个问题:铁人三项比赛当中,某运动员在静水中游泳的速度为A km/h,水流的速度为b km/h,假设运动员将要横跨某个区域到达对岸的距离为s Km,那么运动员要想实现横跨水流游到对岸,实际的运动轨迹将会如何?速度如何?如果想实现以最短的距离到达对岸,那么应该朝着哪个方向出发,实际的速度又如何?通过这样充满现实意味的情境设置,将教材中的内容与生活实际相结合,使学生能够利用现实生活中可以感知的素材加强对于知识的理解。如此也有助于调动学生的学习积极性,使之能够以更加饱满的热情投入到对于数学知识的学习过程当中,实现综合能力的提升。
3 注重实践探究,提高应用能力
作为一门本身具有较强实践性的学科,高中数学在展开问题教学的过程中,必须要增加所提问题的实践应用能力,让学生在教师的指导下,可以通过自身对于问题的思考和实践,实现对于知识的获取与掌握。因此在展开问题教学的过程中,教师要基于学生学习的特点和知识认知规律,有目的性地引导其投身到问题情境的参与过程当中,将书本当中固定的知识,专户为生活当中的实际问题来展开实践与探索。
例如,笔者在讲解等差数列这一章节内容时,引入了日常生活中乘坐出租车的案例,并提出了这样的思考问题:某市出租车起步价8元,3公里以内不另行计费,超出3公里的部分,按1.2元/公里收费。假设路面不拥堵的情况下,乘坐出租车到20公里外的某地,一共需要支付多少车费?鉴于这道题目本身具有浓厚的生活气息,故而有的同学根据实际经验会立刻回答出“8+(20-5)×1.2=26”的计算方法与结果。但是从另外一个角度来解释这一现象,整个称作出租车产生计费的过程,可以视作以5公里为基点,每超出1公里,多产生1.2元的计费,那么对应6公里和7公里,期间的计费差距,也就是1.2元的差距,那么这一则计费问题就可以看成是一个等差数列的雏形。通过引导,学生纷纷举出与乘坐出租车较为相似的案例,也从这些案例当中提炼出了当差数列的原型。而在此过程中,课堂的气氛也得到了最大程度的活跃,效果自然可想而知。
总而言之,在高中数学教学过程中采用问题教学法是能够提升学生积极性,维护其学习主体地位的有效手段之一。但是要想真正实现对于教学效果和质量的促进,教师就必须要在问题的设置和选择上下功夫,唯有在尊重学生差异性的基础上,实现创设情境的趣味性和实践性,才能从本质上抓住学生对于数学学习的兴趣点,实现其学习能力的全面提升。
教师专业发展主要的研究目的是研究教师的专业成长过程,揭示教师专业发展的规律性,阶段性特征,发展成因,对教师教学工作的影响等。正如Lange指出的,“教师发展”是指教师在智能、经验及教学态度上不断成长的过程。综观国内外语教师专业发展研究成果,主要还是围绕教师所应该拥有的知识和能力、应开设的课程、具备怎样的专业素质等外语教师培训内容而展开[3]。
二、现状调查与结果分析
笔者就科研的数量和质量,对云南省六所高校共计164位大学英语教师进行了问卷调查,并对其中一部分进行了访谈。公共外语教师的科研成果统计如下表(2011-2013):
从上表中可以看出,大学英语教师的科研情况不容乐观。尽管有很多教师参加了科研活动,但是科研活动的质量堪虞。高质量的科研项目活动仅占所有项目的24%,而高质量的论文仅占所有论文的8%;同时,论文内容更多地是对教学实践,教学活动中的教学手段、教学经验进行总结或陈述,而缺乏从教学论的角度对教学进行系统的研究。出版学术专著的仅有6人,其余均为教材教辅书籍。这说明大学英语教师仍然对纯理论或较深的学术研究有着很大的局限性。大学英语教师的科研现状相比十年前杨忠等做的调查,在科研数量和参与度上有所进步,但是从科研的质量上来看,却几乎没有多大的变化。
大学英语教师的科研文化总的来说具有以下几个特点:
(一)科研个体文化向科研合作主义文化的转变
总的来说,大学英语教师的科研文化还是一种个体文化。其特点是科研主要还是以自身的知识完善和增长为目的,以个人为单位,进行科研。这种状况的形成主要是因为大学的组织机构造成的。在大学,高校教师各自为政,在工作和生活中缺乏充分的交流和沟通,更谈不上合作。高校英语教师的科研活动主要目标是以自己为中心,独立选择科研的对象,独立查阅资料,独立思考问题并且独立完成科研文章和项目。但是近年来,高校英语教师的科研活动开始向合作文化转变,这是因为现在的研究对象比较广,科研资金需求大,研究内容开始向跨学科发展,研究深度加深等,个人进行科研遇到了不少的难题。
(二)科研中的派别主义文化
教师之间不是独立工作,也不是和整个学校的大多数同事一起合作,而是参与到学校内更小的团体,如学院、系,特殊利益团等,这就形成了派别主义文化。调查中表明,大多数高校英语教师在选取自己的科研合作伙伴的时候,更多的是根据自己与合作伙伴之间的私人关系来进行选择,其次才会考虑到其专业水平、研究方向等。这种派别主义文化尤其对一些年轻的高校教师来说产生了极大的负面影响。年轻教师缺乏做科研的经验,在科研道路上急需帮助,而这种派别主义文化,阻碍了年轻教师向有经验教师的学习途径。而一些年轻教师要想加入到某个派别当中,成为科研团体当中的一员,往往比较困难,甚至必须选择与其中一些教师拉近关系,而对另一些教师疏远关系,从而使教师间关系产生不良的影响和后果。
(三)功利性科研文化
研究活动是高等教育的重要组成部分。高校教师最初的科学研究主要是不带任何目的的纯科学理论研究, 旨在探索真理,追求新知,而不是直接满足社会需求和个人需求,因而从事科学研究的教师多为自觉、自发为发掘真理而献身的学者,他们的研究目的纯粹是为了知识本身。但是随着科学对社会的巨大影响和改变,整个高校界的科研活动开始带上了功利色彩,表现出社会化倾向,原来的纯理论研究也越来越多地被应用研究所取代。许多高校英语教师的科研活动也主要是出于个体发展的需要,把科学研究当做一种工具,把职称晋升作为从事科学研究的重要目的之一。目前我国的高校教师的课题经费和职称被等同于其工作能力,因而导致对科研活动的纯功利性追求。同时,科研活动往往讲述数量不讲质量,制造出大量的学术垃圾。
三、原因分析
根据调查结果和分析来看,大学英语教师的科研现状并不乐观。虽然越来越多的教师开始投入到科研活动中来,但是科研成果的质量却相对较低。造成这种科研现状和科研文化的原因很复杂,本文概括了以下几点:
(一)缺乏科研意识
首先,大学英语教师主要从事的是非英语专业学生的英语教学,属于基础课的范畴,主要是针对某一套教材的课文内容、课后练习进行讲解, 似乎并不涉及太多的专业知识领域,主要以传授英语语言基础知识为教学目标,以教学经验为主导。这一现实导致很多大学英语教师认为科研对教学没有实质性的帮助。其次,尽管52%的教师认为搞科研是专业发展的需要,但63%的教师认为搞科研是为了提升职称,而仅仅只有13%的教师是因为对科研感兴趣而进行科研活动。有20%的人对科研一点兴趣也没有,甚至认为科研对教学根本就没有什么实用价值,根本就不愿意从事任何科研活动。
(二)科研环境欠佳
首先,大学英语教师承担全校的英语基础课教学,平均每周工作量均在12-20个课时之间,繁重的教学任务让他们缺乏时间和精力去从事科研。此外,由于绝大多数英语教师均为女性,在承担教学任务之外,她们还要承担家庭孩子的责任,更加没有精力从事科研。其次,32%的教师认为缺乏充分的信息渠道,缺少国外的第一手研究资料,无法全面了解国内外的最新科研动态,只有24%的教师能够定期地阅读国外学术期刊,这还没有考虑到期刊的档次。再次,大多数教师认为发表文章较为困难。这不仅仅因为国内英语专业的期刊较少,还因为很多教师不懂得研究方法,不知道该如何进行科研。同时,近年来英语类期刊上的文章更接近理论研究,较深的研究内容让众多普通教师觉得根本就看不懂。
(三)缺少学术带头人
31%的教师认为院、系领导是教师专业发展的核心力量。大学英语教师由于主要从事基础教学,没有学科具体内容,因此很难在某一专业方向进行深入的研究,而且由于高校教师的科研活动更多的是一种个人活动,因此那些在专业方面相对较强的院系领导没有充分发挥出学术带头人的作用,带领普通教师走上科研之路。
四、建立良好科研文化,促进教师专业发展的几点建议
从以上分析来看,造成目前高校英语教师科研状况不佳的原因很多很复杂,既包括了教师自身的主动性原因,也包括了学院、学校等方面的客观原因,甚至还包括了社会因素原因,因此,笔者提出几点建议:
(一)学院及学校领导应该为教师创造更多的进修机会和平台。院系领导应该通过引领教学、提供教师多种学习平台如工作坊、学术讲座、科研基金、科研信息材料、进修项目等,把自己的角色转变为普通教师的学习典范、教育改革的核心以及其所在院系的学术带头人,尽力创造一个以科研为导向的教师文化。
(二)改变我们学术体系当中的对教师的不切实际的期望和奖励制度。在我们的体制中,每个教师都被期望完成“教学、实践、和研究”这三项工作职责,同时还要完成家庭职责。这一期望应该被重新评价。英语教学活动是多维的,非常复杂,要求极为复杂的技能,以至于个体教师最好情况下也仅仅只能把精力集中在其中的二项职责。我们应该搞清楚教师心中什么样的奖励才是真正对其有意义的,建立起较科学的奖励机制,对科研成果大、学术价值高、实践指导意义大的教师进行奖励。
(三)创建合作的科研文化,促进教师的专业发展。合作对于个人的学习非常重要。教师作为终身学习者,如果不与他人交流,学到的东西是非常有限的。合作使得教师的专业发展超越个人反思以及对外界专家,教育培训者等的依赖,使得教师之间能够互相学习,取长补短,整合并共享资源,促进彼此的专业发展。
作为老师的助手,我们是偌大夏令营工作程序中必不可少的补丁。在老师宏观框架的指导下,我们将发挥优势,填补细微工作上的漏缺。在精疲力尽之时,我们仍不忘最甜的微笑、最完美的指导。因为我们年轻,我们有不懈的干劲和滚烫的情怀!
紧张繁忙的报到工作已落下帷幕,在此我谨代表全体班主任欢迎所有参加“学习英语、感受大学”青少年英语夏令营的同学们,向所有取得第一步胜利的班主任们贺喜,向我们辛苦劳累的老师们致敬!我们承诺,我们将以“5e”作为我们的工作原则,即“enthusiastic,earnest,efficient,effective&excellent”。我们将以满腔的激情、最真诚的态度、最高效的工作和最出色的表现搭好老师与营员间的桥梁。
作为营员最亲密的指导员,我们身兼多职、责任重大。营员每喊一声“老师”就能激起我们班主任心底的无限喜悦,就为让这甜美的嗓音,我们将绞尽脑汁为他们安排最精彩、最有意义的活动,让他们眼中的“老师”做得更称职!我们将举行大型演讲比赛、体育趣味性活动和文艺联欢晚会,锻炼营员的口才、发挥营员的特长。我们还将在每个晚上为他们安排丰富的精神套餐,让他们在轻松愉悦的环境下感受英语、体验人生。每一个热点话题隐藏着我们大学生对生活的思索,每一次互动蕴育着我们对能力素质的追求,每一断欣赏都给予我们无尽的启迪,我们希望营员们在我们营造的学习氛围下,学到的不仅仅是英语,更多的是能力的培养和道德的熏陶!
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成绩只能代表过去,未来需要我们做的还有很多,但是我们有信心把这个市场做得更好。今后我们将继续走高、专、精、细的道路,把中国裘皮城培育成专业、高档的裘皮服装市场,力求代表国内水貂皮服装及裘皮制品的最高水平。
为使我们裘皮城的生意兴旺,永久保持后续的正常运营,我们正着力做好以下几件事:
一是加强市场管理及公司内部管理,在坚持 “精品市场、产业龙头、旅游景点”三位一体的发展目标下,打造裘皮产业“名城”,不断完善裘皮城硬件设施及软件配套,提升市场服务功能。按照创建省工业示范旅游市场及国家著名交易市场的要求。设置楼层分布图和商品导购图;设置公用电话、广播;设置宣传公示栏;设置统一的牌匾、广告牌等
二坚持品牌营销策略。裘皮城市场实行品牌准入制度,按季度对市场内上市的服装品牌作详[!]细的动态调查,了解品牌的名称、产地、经营者是否有特殊经销关系等情况,并由专门管理人员对品牌商品开展索证和监管。经营户必须实行商品特约经销和总经销()备案制度,商标注册证、授权委托书齐全,并按规定实行品牌授权公示制度。目前入住了,兽王、广东世都、香港报喜天使等知名品牌数十个。
三是通过与国外裘皮拍卖行和协会的良好关系,定期聘请海外顶级服装设计师来裘皮城进行裘皮服装品牌展示、,同时将定期举办裘皮服装节、裘皮论坛等特色活动,从而保持裘皮城持续旺盛的人气和交易量。
四、加上旅游线路的内容
我叫XX,我爱好唱歌、跳舞,特长英语、音乐。这次,我要竞选的职位是英语课代表。
我喜爱英语,成绩更是在班里名列前茅。甚至有时候玩游戏我都玩英语的,虽然有些我不会念,但慢慢来,总是能学会的。再说了,这几年我一直都是英语课代表,有一些经验,我有责任、有能力为英语老师做好我力所能及的工作。
如果我当上了英语课代表,首先我会比以前更加努力,使同学们更加信任我,另外,以前,有许多同学对我有意见,说我不能当好这个英语课代表,这次,我会用实际行动来证明自己:我能当好这个英语课代表。
中图分类号:G633.34 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1008-3561(2015)32-0061-01
作文教学在中学课标要求中占据重要位置,也是衡量语文写作水平的重要内容。作文作为语文教学的薄弱环节,过去一直围绕“结果写作法”而脱离了学生在写作中的自主性,忽视了学生的感受,更是对学生写作过程中遇到的问题缺乏有效指导。
一、现行高中作文教学现状简评
作文教学长期以来一直处于低效的状态,其因素一方面源自教材的编写,另一方面则反映在课堂教学的选择成败上。以高中某版教材为例,写作与阅读是分开的,对于写作板块多以单独编写、练习及课堂延伸为主。具体来看,记叙文写作从记人、记事、景物描写等方面进行指导;议论文写作重点对论点、论据材料的选择,以及论证方法的明确;说明文写作专业凸显写作主题,以横向展开、纵向梳理等方面来发掘说明的道理,充实作品的文采。然而,实际写作教学中,常常出现一些不足,大致梳理表现在以下几点:一是缺乏对学生“写作意识”的激发,在进行写作教学及写法框架构思指导上,对于“动笔前有没有想好,对于写作的重点是否明确”等问题往往缺乏指导。二是写作知识相对缺乏,特别是写作策略及写作程序性知识的认识不够。如在发掘写作感动点时缺乏整体的素材提炼,难以从学生的体验中来构思架构。三是写作过程的缺失,无论是命题写作还是自主写作练习,对于“写作过程”往往沿袭小学、初中的写作思路,仅限于从题目的选择及写法的讲解中来对照,并无对写作过程的有效指导。如何选题,如何修改,如何组织,如何成篇等问题无从建构。事实上,对于写作能力的养成与学生的写作意识关系密切,长期以来对写作课堂的教学以“应试”为主,忽视了学生在写作教学中的交流性。有读者,同样也需要听众;有人阅读,同样也需要倾听与回应。对于写作意义及写作意识的激发,要能够从学生的写作知识、写作习惯上进行逐步养成,将目光聚集在写作的交流与互动上,更好地提升学生如何下笔,如何修改,如何完成写作过程。
二、探讨过程写作的特点
作文写作教学作为任务,在教学步骤上应该围绕写作设计来进行训练。以《美国语文》中的“稻草变黄金:日常生活中的蜕变”为例,首先,从话题的导引中构设回忆性散文写作任务,围绕“回忆”来观察身边的故事。其次,明确写作侧重点,将如何剪裁写作材料,如何进行表达,如何连贯语言进行有效指导。第三,注重思维的发散,从多种素材中来构思。第四,明确写作过程,指导学生如何下笔,如何构建写作主体,如何审视和对照相关素材。第五,明确作文的修改任务,从多种视角来引导学生观察生活,对具体事物进行刻画,创造出强烈的印象。我们从上述写作训练设计中获得两点启示:一是做好读与写的衔接;二是做好对文体的选择及延伸,注重从阅读中对写作过程的关注。总的来看,本课堂实例将写作过程作为重点,教师在写作教学中需要明确教学步骤,注重对教学内容的精心策划,无论是从构思还是打腹稿,塑造篇章结构还是修缮文本内容,都体现了对写作过程中的具体落实。遵循写作过程中对知识与技巧的运用,从学生的写作方法及写作过程指导中来渗透写作意识,帮助学生从篇章的完成中来一步步地逼近写作目标。
三、过程写作法应用实践指导与技巧
写作过程是复杂的思维过程,在写作教学中应该围绕写作动机的激发,从写作内容、写作兴趣及技巧运用上来关注写作过程,辅助学生从写作过程中明确写作视角、剪切好写作素材、提升写作策略和写作能力。一是注重对写作隐性知识显性化的构建,从写作的表达方式、写作策略的细化、写作结构的构思上,明确写作教学的任务和重点,让学生从写作实践中,综合运用各类知识、技巧。如通过对策略性知识的运用来快速构思,明确写作内容。教师要从记忆策略的激发上,增强学生对自身生活储备的回忆,并从自我体验中来完成书写,而非是苦思冥想的刻意为之。二是发挥学生的主体性,将学生作为教学与写作过程进行全面整合,凸显学生在写作过程中的自主性,教师围绕学生来明确写作教学重点,尊重学生在写作过程中的自我性。如在过程写作教学中,教师要放下“权威”,对整个写作过程给予引领和组织。当然,对于教师自我地位的明确,并非是放任自流,而是结合写作教学的不同阶段,从问题中来针对性讲解,引导学生快速完成写作任务。三是强化师生间的互动与民主。写作教学是对自我情感的表达,也是与人交流,增强自我意识的过程。另外,在过程写作教学中,教师应该从师生、生生间的互动参与中,来发挥小组合作学习方式的积极作用,从同伴间的互评与分享中来增进师生、生生间的交流,更好地促进学生自我表达与完善。
四、结束语
总之,作文教学一直是语文学科的重要内容,过程写作法将作文教学中的实际问题作为研究对象,通过教学案例探讨,让学生从中来获得写作训练,增强学生的写作意识。